From: Subject: The Dog Genome Project: Principles and Goals Date: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 13:31:50 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0081_01C3F491.3BEE15C0" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0081_01C3F491.3BEE15C0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://mendel.berkeley.edu/dog/manifesto.html The Dog Genome Project: Principles and Goals

=20 The Dog Genome Project

Principles and Goals

by Jasper = Rine

The dog genome project is a collaborative study involving=20 scientists at the University of California, the University of Oregon, = and the=20 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center aimed at producing a map of all = of the=20 chromosomes in dogs, which can be used to map the genes causing = disease and=20 those genes controlling morphology and behavior. Different dog breeds = are=20 distinguished by varieties of morphologies and behaviors that exceed = the range=20 of variation in any other species on earth. Dog genetics offers the = hope of=20 discovering the genetic basis of both mammalian development and = behavior.=20

The Fusion of Great Minds

Charles Darwin Gregor = Mendel=20

This project is one of the first experimental fusions of the two = greatest=20 ideas in 19th century biology, the discovery of Charles Darwin showing = that=20 evolution results from selection and the discovery by Gregor Mendel of = the laws=20 of genetics. The fundamental lesson from the work of Mendel is how to = recognize=20 the existence of genes. Mendel taught us that by crossing two = individuals that=20 differ in a trait and observing how that trait segregates in subsequent=20 generations, it is possible to discover the existence of and certain = properties=20 of the gene responsible for that trait. Because members of the same = species are=20 usually quite similar, Mendel concentrated on the differences that plant = breeders had recognized in peas and was limited to the study of a = relatively=20 small number of differences.=20

Darwin and Natural Selection

Darwin was the first to recognize = that=20 natural selection, commonly referred to as survival of the fittest, was = the=20 driving force of evolution. Minor differences arise between individuals = in a=20 species through natural processes of mutation. Most mutations are = harmful and=20 decrease the chance of survival. However, for those few mutations that = cause a=20 favorable change that enhance survival, the mutations will spread = throughout the=20 population due to the enhanced survival of the individuals with the = mutation.=20 The accumulation of mutations over time leads to the creation of new = species.=20

If It Were Possible To Cross Different Species

In theory, one = could=20 discover the genes responsible for the differences between breeds if it = were=20 possible to cross two members of a different species and observe the = segregation=20 of the trait in the offspring. For example the genes controlling wing = length in=20 birds would be recognized in the offspring of a cross between condors = and=20 hummingbirds. Similarly, the genes controlling the length of the neck in = mammals=20 would segregate in a cross between giraffes and warthogs. Of course, the = definition of species precludes such and experiment due to the = reproductive=20 isolation that separates different species. Nevertheless, if such = differences=20 were to exist in a single species, the genes responsible for these = differences=20 could be identified.=20

Remarkable Variety

Darwin also recognized that natural selection = in=20 nature was similar to the artificial selection practiced by breeders to = improve=20 the stature or performance of agriculturally important species. Because = of the=20 stronger selection pressure that can be exerted over a shorter period of = time by=20 breeders, artificial selection can result in differences of such = magnitude=20 between subgroups in a species that would normally occur only between = members of=20 a different species. Indeed, the remarkable variety exhibited by many = dog breeds=20 has been produced in approximately 150 years by dog breeders.=20

An Ongoing Experiment In Evolution

There are on the order of 150 = recognized dog breeds in the world and collectively these breeds = represent an=20 ongoing experiment in evolution. By careful observation and selective = breeding,=20 dog breeders have created breeds with astonishing breed-specific = differences.=20 The mass of Pekingese and Irish Wolfhounds differ by fifty fold, and the = behavior of Doberman pinchers and Golden Retrievers could hardly be more = different. Yet remarkably, a dog of any breed can be crossed to a dog of = any=20 other breed and produce viable and fertile offspring. Moreover, dogs are = inter-fertile with wolves, jackals and coyotes as well. Thus, in dogs we = have=20 the opportunity to study the fruits of selection with the scientific = power=20 provided by the laws of genetics to sort out the genetic basis of = mammalian=20 morphology and behavior, and to gain experimental access to the = evolutionary=20 process. There is no other comparable opportunity in biology.=20

Making the Map

A major goal of the dog genome project is to = develop a=20 map that will be useful to the entire scientific community for the = purpose of=20 mapping genes causing inherited disease in dogs. It is widely recognized = that in=20 many pedigreed dog lines diseases run in families. These diseases = include=20 cancer, epilepsy, retinal degeneration, bleeding disorders, skeletal=20 malformations and a host of others. Much of the revolution in human = molecular=20 medicine has been catalyzed by the development of the human genetic map, = which=20 has allowed genes responsible for human genetic disease to be isolated. = The=20 isolation of these genes has provided highly accurate diagnosis of many = diseases=20 well before the appearance of the first symptoms. In many cases, insight = into=20 the molecular basis of the disease is leading to the development of new=20 therapeutic compounds, and the promise of gene therapy has already been = achieved=20 in one case. None of this progress in human medicine would have been = possible=20 without a high quality genetic map. The map being produced by the dog = genome=20 project will catalyze a similar explosion in veterinary medicine and = will allow=20 more effective breeding practices to eliminate many genetic diseases = from breeds=20 currently afflicted. It is important to keep in mind that a genetic map = grows in=20 utility as more people contribute to it and benefit from it. Therefore = it is the=20 practice of the dog genome project to make all research results = available to the=20 scientific community well prior to traditional publication through = electronic=20 publication here on the World-Wide Web.=20

Page updated 27 May 1995=20

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