PBS: Think Tank: Transcript for "The Promise and = Purpose of Genetic Research"

From: Subject: PBS: Think Tank: Transcript for "The Promise and Purpose of Genetic Research" Date: Mon, 16 Feb 2004 13:29:34 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript517.html PBS: Think Tank: Transcript for "The Promise and = Purpose of Genetic Research" <= /TABLE> ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/images/stations/smallbw/PBS.gif R0lGODlhTgAcANUAAAAAAP///8zMzJmZmTMzM+fn5xAQEOHh4cHBwevr6/Pz83Nzc2ZmZqmpqfv7 +y4uLhoaGgYGBtDQ0L29vTw8PIiIiPT09OLi4tbW1lRUVAwMDExMTH19fbKysvf396CgoAQEBNzc 3B8fH+/v71lZWfb29nl5eQcHB8DAwNXV1QUFBQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwAAAAATgAcAEAGPMCAcEgsGo/IpHLJ bDqf0Kh0Sq1ar9isdsvter/gsHhMLpvP6LR6zW673/C4fE6v2+/4vH7P7/v/gIFnQQA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/images/nav/global/globalnav_pbslogo.gif R0lGODlhHgAcAMQAAP////j4+PLy8uzs7OXl5dPT08zMzL+/v7KysqWlpZmZmZWVlY2NjYKCgnNz c2ZmZmVlZVxcXE1NTUJCQkBAQD09PTQ0NDMzMwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwAAAAA HgAcAEAF/yAgildpnmh6GikxAgiFMoBA0SNxSaj7JjxUg4QT+Rqqy8P3ehEeKBEylWhaR4lT0PRS pASwCwLAOrxYqIeV8WjjGEURdORNOhBMAAHhUAEWVFeCWCVTJmMiNigSDxRVOogiCBZROUlKckMv hiUOV1AlagBtVp6AKZGDLwhcInWXsJUAA32xthciBlsnS6pPUQUTqKpWrCUBEWlWBgrNCi4Fzy9Q WSeeI8YoFGAM2y8OED3YXzASUuY5FbJhi42YABGiIuonTa/KAO8j4SepI6AXIhiAwWDgqmon8sgx IYqUkwvIAhGzUg1AMBVVJgJAiIvMLhR38uypte7erSQhAAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/images/common/blank.gif R0lGODlhAQABAID/AMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/images/nav/global/globalnav_pbshome.gif R0lGODlhPgAJAID/AP///8DAwCH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAA+AAkAQAJNjI+py+0Po5wJWHsuzpfpDQIG RoqBxo1mqLYKe67y7KaV7G53jscIzOmohEPTqxfT6XxJmJPWePI+yJptmVxImSWu0Vr8orTIMXOK KQAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/images/nav/global/globalnav_divider.gif R0lGODlhAgAcAID/ACooK0hHRywAAAAAAgAcAEACCESMp8nrDZ8sADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/images/nav/global/globalnav_programs.gif R0lGODlhVwAJAID/AP///8DAwCH5BAEAAAEALAAAAABXAAkAQAJmjI+py+0Po5y0WgRyNnoHv4Vg d3TjB6Ccppgpyq7YK8rnqeZ4zOIl/XL4ZKobkLg7/nRBZHPWIsE80x/VNLs2R9Ts05tkirvO8pQU ixIb2oTRpgyPU920eUHOx9NSsb8OROYXRVIAADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/images/nav/global/globalnav_schedules.gif R0lGODlhUQAJAID/AP///8DAwCH5BAEAAAEALAAAAABRAAkAQAJejI+py+0Po5y0QgAM1jnhzXkf OIYB2W0gt5YIah7wmWbzSpswztdvR8PpfLkbMIfcHXvD0ezXM7JUrqRt6aoOYyyR1/rbFrHQhdT8 FDPB47Di4+ZCsWdnMFqD2++GAgA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/images/nav/global/globalnav_support.gif R0lGODlhTAAJAID/AP///8DAwCH5BAEAAAEALAAAAABMAAkAQAJbjI+py+0Po5y0BoCBwVvf7IHh 2GUHl4glup4kCr9yR381Ett6vms8e6v9SCmPS0j8DFcjU4updEKjxqirurTlsjzcrFf1+ohA3bGH VJS7pasRdI67z+wgVewpAAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/images/nav/global/globalnav_shop.gif R0lGODlhNwAJAID/AP///8DAwCH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAA3AAkAQAJIjI+py+0Po1ygAmNtqPjmm3yd dmQlyHGbh7Jd2K6vTKtpbLuMes75+auRRLChCQhaJYXMYE8WJCk0v+oShqUBkb6Wc3oljkAFADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/images/nav/global/globalnav_searchpbs.gif R0lGODlhRQAJAIAAAP///8DAwCH5BAEAAAEALAAAAABFAAkAQAJWjI+py+0Po5wUgQsMzmFfvYGJ xx0eiFmp2GWfyb2yG9MsLM6s3va4rwvWRqXd0NearUKoV/LobNZWTVgxyhMSb0bglJHCQodR71bF TVqnn+zYfV5fVwUAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/home.gif R0lGODlhLQAWAJEAAGZmzMzM/////wAAACwAAAAALQAWAAACYoyPqcsdAKOctNpqrt4c5A6GX0hq Y4lOZ8qugCBAMLu58xvTl53fsP+L/SJBzGMSnAFxsp7QSeE1mcxlNRk9SpZc6NWkJXqLVCtWFdaV XGoQu815w8FzN6LeSeDjjr7/b1AAADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/about_tt.gif R0lGODlhcgAWAJEAAGZmzMzM/////wAAACwAAAAAcgAWAAACyIyPqcvtD6NsoNqLs968+w+GWyCW 5ommo8q2bku+8kxncY3n6v0Jgl7xiYQzooeX8f0ARlOTqRQ+nxZqMLrsZTtIjPKashqtGzJ4uOV0 qz9plE2Mt9+XMd39hZ7r2bt/b8PhpqcnR2iY1Lc0aDiY+Ng4xyX4FgmGKKZ4KVmY93j1FWlWsUYI Zdl5lsm2eSi56hrruKJhhwWn6Om5Z4lKZesYnHZRCmR8bFGMvJyjzPws4ww9vUNt/YJwrb1zsO1t MhEuPk5eHlEAADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/about_bw.gif R0lGODlhjAAWAJEAAGZmzMzM/////wAAACwAAAAAjAAWAAAC6oyPqcvtD6OcFIGLs968+w+G4kiW WGCm6sq2LerG8kyLcI3nunrv/g+89DoCQfCoKuqGmKJRmTRqnNAU9CrdYEnVGvPiBHRLY7G0LNqa iedsCB37KqlhcH1Lz6ip9vr0CdjXRjcXlmfmx7dW6KchB4jXtjZZdhhppxU4tieJKHm5SIjJ8WgZ GDpa+Zmnpoc1yCmoWIgpWtXqmNkESkvplnq6O/oHXOzrWrtKbLzBdHvouZvYBc3aufw8Del5B5nd K9vxhURevtxsnq6uSKru/t4OL/8+Pm+/dHCvD2Sx759TIaDAgQQLGkRQAAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/previous.gif R0lGODlhaAAWAJEAAGZmzMzM/////wAAACwAAAAAaAAWAAACtYyPqcvtD2MEtNqLs968++8F4EiW 5mmJ6Mq2pOrGsgzP9v3iuiUIe5rpCU+92RBQ/FFqlWRSyXEifVAmxTksCqnY53Z6pU6fYd43jAV7 jxkreLxNd7n09Dto19LVPjvHHXcXV9e3B1cGJ3ahVyZX+BaoAai4hvGVd0R2d9W4h4lotjEZ2nQG KXYWaWpmOFcKuorhBkUbM1uLi3Kbyzuy2wv8Fzz8gUB8LHqAvHwh4fwMHS3dUAAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/where_watch.gif R0lGODlhaAAWAJEAAGZmzMzM/////wAAACwAAAAAaAAWAAACu4yPqcvtD2MEtNqLs968++8F4EiW 5mmJ6Mq2pOrGsgzP9v2SgoD32/6pAYBDXvE4I3KITCNGeYFuhE0KUNrCPo3VjBbZER6v3J3SzCMX sei2Nw2voNfk+pciVnfVdDdYHvdnFccWCNWVkddUNthnBjgXZegEOejkhoh0J6Z5yXjouTT51ljK B1qaSAq210bpJwkrmdpnSdc55aO7m8Lr68P5K7wSPGycc5z8cqDcHMTsHK0hQV1tfY3dUAAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/specials.gif R0lGODlhOwAWAJEAAGZmzMzM/////wAAACwAAAAAOwAWAAACfIyPqcvtCKKctNqLswy6+39x4Ehi YomiZ8p+awsKAvhG8pzKl+5WPA6j8Dy1IeA2RNpuR6AyybTUmrjfzGo0Lq2a6bL5RSolUPFWu/GF q1cgmMw+C92TadR8buvK47G0gxbUoxEo2OFlGISY2LLISALxKBgpCfNwiZmJWQAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/blue_dot.gif R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMzM/wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/blank_dot.gif R0lGODlhAQABAID/AAD/AAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/logo_top.gif R0lGODlhNgIcALMAAMKR8oBmzAEBv5mZzMzM/1VVW///zM/PqLCwkYODb01NQTIyMP////v7+/X1 9QAAACwAAAAANgIcAAAE/9DISau9OOvNu/8fI45kaZ5oqq5s675wLM90bd94ru88ToDAoHBILEp6 yKRyyWw6n9CoFPYzWq/YbGbK7Xq/4LB4nKtqz+h0iMxuu9/wuJxhVtvv9rl+z+/7/yN1eIOERoCH iImKi2WFjo9BjJKTlJWAgpCZmhSWnZ6foFKYm6SPoaeoqaovo6WueKuxsrOgra+3aLS6u7x/trjA V73DxMViv8HJQ8bMzc5KyMAJCw/VCsodz9rb3FTYFAjU1ePj198X3enq69GlCuTw5AkH55zr9/jM 7Zrh8f7WCOodyUewIK19kA6I++dvAb16BiNKPIXw0TuGDBMInMix46SKhZgSYBwZ8JzHkyh9KVs4 0p+Ch9hSypwJB+QgBC1JmqTJs+cXm3gK5MSo8ZvPo0ifAL3Dcig8czGTSp26Y6kdpwwX7KTKtWsM TAQCDBhLtqzZs2jTpjWwoK3bt3Djui2gtq7du2U3eN3LVwWmAQICCx5MuLDhw4gH2GjgAADix5Aj D9bbt7Llv5IzaxYcAAfgzaAjU7ZM2iuBCAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/logo_bottom.gif R0lGODlhvQAwAeYAAP7O/s6a+2Fd0wICmgYGzqSk4s7O/ujo+vb2/vr6/gg4OhxFR2q5ujM3N/T7 ++Lo6MjNzfn+/vT19Yni2rH07qW7udPd3DZbVuvy8VFyac/67rvm0XKMfpeeltjy0Pb+8q66nfH+ 1e76zsXPq9ngtvn+0OruwPr+yvX2xfn6yv7+zv396P3rl/3WiPPRpf369vi8jeimh9Cun/jf09CM fOjb2Pbq6F1PTebLx4pkX7F1b/z09Pz6+v///2ZmZgICAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwA AAAAvQAwAQAH/4AqgoMFBIYEAomKi4yNjo0Dh4YDAj2Wl5iZmpcFkZKfoKGio5ICg6enm6qrrK2r qCqFBAMFrraqnZ+RBrerAp6kk5W4wMGHprCpvcvMmbCFA7TLBryZidWYubrDzZYGs8bCBgXYnMXh yMmC3ey9z+DlPYXcmYYC5b/0ltqSu+2/4Q5FoqSJX8B06topbPUuWq19vyKpmhXpYY9fFs2FktbN YMBo+uSdM4Yw2cKTmxpy7DSQwMSBBC9yzDYSHIRmBgAG7BfSI0l1g1AKvaSy1jdPEjeBo8gLY8Ga s+4x07lTYE+oo0rCGjq0IYGmwJJqWhpVZsZ9WCmdXZUTq7GYNP+rIgK6jitKr2AFulQatpLTTD77 UYqnSQBZucKeytWKyu5dVNAGUIum9+WnAn/jBqMkNdO4iIi3Ka7KWJljhe9mYS4mtl7NmRrfelo0 ye1OuLF3lg56GjVkUq0xHRa41mA0yhuPHwc+crlowLZB7a7bm11qUcEvDZ9UHCYiRcgpKgdpWKDy 72FZ9x1de3z4uXSrt7u+ce/Y190jdd631JFRit8pUgtL+pFDzThL4YZWKY+UQpcK8ln32yjZWbKd aooR1gMAAGnYw1EKojXYJm2VBd0kX3n2oU7TQRhhM/SBUmEPF8JmyTUfEtaWIpqASEBxP8qz1ocU XcXgJbQd8+D/izBOiJ19rm1U3GcjWnNcSEeZiAk1q4UoU4j8OLTieUrGx+QyMeoCpXCvhfSllkgO hCU4XoIWDWERGcndjVC1eCaaTtZnmYxzIhUSQCFmmShy/lgJpqF8ZrXkn7ek2c+a2rXJXoiIFgrn gijiCZJiMVEVip+U2mJpZXxJuSmmnfZIp57wFDYqdHeKFAyqqTIUqIyYWojfq7Z+SqScr4r6aJAy 7Tppr6ysiuKguqxFFafIejZrsrY+alGWkpoJ7Su/qkltP9auZ6WxitLaKCZ5FqaPqdI9O25K5V56 rlXFTrtuotueGGq3WMZToii83quJtODsu+e6/sKb7ZYBa0ZR/wAE3xKYPfYqjAnDM9aYLqsSs1tx btFg7GhPQ9JbJlAe43uKLE86jCHEDf/r6bK1qSwxpylqW1PCMVsCcrA0aooztiZPjPIAPsf5qJuB EV300TYzHXGcTRsbpo1fXgV2s59YHTPWrRLab84lA+w0qA//LLabBrwHH8xFf5wvyVGqvTSsbx/r dXrpLjs2vWZ7jPZ9Gx0aVtBcuz24eYUb+e4lB3Msbt49LN73cyUP3PbO7oIdr8BeGpS4wp6z6erf 8cQq9OS1Vb5py8Csfq+0t3arC9gsFdntooEHT5HtuIpO02wdX52vfgJEvWUiSCHi4Wo4eiZgj4kg slZO+WSfTf8i36/mvYaYRdX82c+72e9gB8Z/YD7y12//gYUYaH8+Adzv//wV+R80dDcuhoXmgFWx DVKig8C7JYRzRtubeNxDpt9RMD0XzGB4MmgeDV7QghR82QMhCItx/O+EKEyhClfIwhbeb32KawwE Z+gKGLJOhjTMocxGyLlk/OCHQAyiEIcIxA5cogNETKIRM4HEJAqxAZpwog8sAQEn/lATEGiAFRsA ARvuDhZWDGMRL6FFMf5wikw04w+XeAkpWqKJTtREGZ1oRC8WEIxqpCMV83jFNKoRiphwYw/gmMRM +CCMgLQjtHzIRyIukZBmZOMb+ViBQCYRjZAcIiaqGEaibC7/b4xspBBv0oM5qhGNR+QjKnugx0F2 8hKHtCIbFdkrWEDglriEQCzpCIEO+JKUnGykH/NoSUdO0oqXCGYSARlBvJEQh5jIpBBVIU0xSrKa rWSlEo8Zxx5kMYykbCYPQQnNVCJzE6bMIzNd2UhSthKbfdxlEsMpTpPMcCuagOcPNqHMJ/ZzlObk 4xLf2cl/CnGV9cTnM00TzVcOc4hTTGcQ2YhNeQYRkASVpUQB6oxPOo+hAS2kHPVY0ZCO0qJAvElG RZnSHdpzobx5KBGxKEt2itSmQ4SABi6pTWPi1JHgdKlCe1hObt4Uluc0aEt/GsSbVBOlY2TqNOHJ xYV5lH0g/zXqTDOx0R8y04qY1KNSayrVIFoijAjt3FVjmNWyAlGmQmRjV3/o1FZClaz61GpOO+pM orZ1rH00KUt/YERsLhGwPs2rJe7qVb6O86Mxbeg5yTjYg7qVogLV6zTbCFa99ZWcbVWsZgd72WRm 1psO7QFj6erJz0KWOpLt5mIrm1PDYmK1cd3jZFG7xdY+FquRFexmz+rEBvjyuB1YrXGzydtIjvat t0VrQosKXNgK16y65WkmEDtXSZbylM8NbHadeBNapmqo14Wuasmaicp6F7FADOtuw/sDKJqXUuil L2XJi87Beve7YkQjYvsry/v+Kb9UzGUuOxDOXiIXufTc5P+DJ0xhX6ZEwRi+pYQrHGF3rPWGbdVh Dg18pq086MQoTrGKV8ziFp+YhltpoIxnTGMZk5hJMa6xjnfMY1Dc+EU5JkkpekzkHSviEz+OUJB/ lIBEyAMRCBAAzQxwgMsI6QD5E1IBsNxkQ2y5PAVociXmEWUCIMAQCNgylhGQ5gOseUAF2HKYwYzl K2c5znKWB5UPQWUpV/kQ60sABiwAgQpwgAMZ4ECHT7NklxgCy17mMyL+LAkaGcLSlkYEAQ5w5kgf wtKQ/hEiEjCPH83DMHHWdKYNw+lDFCLTmD6Go7+SP0p3zxAdk4AFKtCBQ/sgAxdYwAUqCeTGfALS e8aMnKP/LIA0l/nSXu60pWUR5z/TbNOFSDaqm+3qa6ca2qI2tbVnXQBpexrUhSC1KCaFgV4eOgOJ 7oAMZNCBCyiAAzg2tiS2HCRRC+AA/560qT9dbVlcOdIH+Ia3q1yLcKcbzN6m2cFFnXBR2/nS1cZ4 xV1Snn/TTB0oIAEJdo1oH3CgAxWAwAN4cIkKLCADEih2KkAhj3uk+t8BD/i3Z02ALlsazGjeOcZt nr9xbFzoO/+5p9P86kP43B7QRlDPaQZwQJ8CBSYgQQfg7YMb3CAHI4j5JiwA7EXbpdFfYfhFJp1z hkvc6YZZdbjH/Ilkr51mCfByxD8ta1nQPdNPh7qly1zu/0NU3RAnQAHWSQCC5Jq8AznIgQxcgAMb vIAHLMcE2RuAbyXre9+y6PScST3nPQep4KevNs7tce2Bm5nW9khATtzccdqn/suHlzKcIQ3nPM9D 3VSO87MJMAIQcMAHyP96DFiAAhnkAASJp3wNaoABzPeABxUAdgYe4PmZZ6VsRQZ/+BF462go4Os0 kEEMYqCDGyyf+ckdwQrmv4IZ4GAEELBAvU8+7Mz3Bu3jF4ACOAsKsAAD4AMw4AIKCAMwEAM5QAMs EIEtoAM6AAESwAMS8AA14HzI1wE88AIXwAEOIB8AOIAmuGMDUID6MXku0IAx0IA5oAMtwAIt0AIw QAM5cP9yvjRvIDACJGACK4B9C2ABJOhiRniESJiEQEECHHABPjACKDACC7h+DNgCMeADMkiDNWiF FCgDPmgDErACKoACJxACFuADFeB/jqGEbNiGbnhiKMABCqAAHaACJsCA6/eCM9gCNOB+W1iDEliD KKACL9ADL4ACCogCIWB8GFAdb/iIkOiGJhBsITgCeEgDeliDOCiDfziDEfiJKLACPbACNJiAiMgB 3Pd/kbiKrMhik3gBxpcDDYiJMGCFNECBNNCJgPiJnygIEYh1EegCMpCKjNaKxniM6jCJGWACIOAD NPCMMXCLOYB+gLiFEsiLv/iLY+gCLeACihiExYiM4oj/jMoIAjKAgzFIgZGnAzCAjVroju64gAwI AzOwApa3huOYj62ojDJwgzqwjtC4h54Ij+64hQrYglRoAytQAztwdvr4kJBoAhngA9GoAxWpAzRQ i7tIkNeohTV4kHi4fjiwAiZQAw4JkSjJhhL5gBgZkhq5kQSpi384j9GYkSVQAjggdkKRkjyZhCTg AzGYkfP4hxwZiLo4jw2YgLMYA0BoAjbAFT0ZlS2GAh3wdRY5lNYIigV5lLU4lCyAkM/oAiqQAiag hgshlWiJYicwAlX5gEiZlQXpkUfZibOIkc8oAyaAdQ25k2nZl8nIlsqHlXD5iZ4ok3QZjdPodQ+Y fgo4/wJPyZd+GZmCcAIkMAIccAPsKJidiI2GqZENqANd1wCi2QDol37zVnk66RuSGZlrKQPIFwMt qJlEaZQ1+Ja1iYNedwPJZ5V3SQLCOAKPsZp+aQLFB5QviJS2aY2GWZi3SYF2eYvOmX6ImAM+kJoS IpxpGYWN5wP9iJxViJy7KJPY6ALsF515CJ0ygHWRVwNm2STYiZYm0AHGxwGTl5SCiZWleJwwqYXs l5vp6Jy4aAIm0H4y0J7M8J5pGZ/JxQG+6YLJ+YfsF4OZeJTtR5rp6J9B6QLxeQMdYJ3uiaA9qaA3 wKAmQJ55mJw3eAMN4IwvSZcVipnz2H6KiZF4KQMc6v+hBwqiUUmVl8mgCqh+J/qdDtgA53eVKDqk mPmCONh1QLmYNOACJJADHXqWOtqTVNl1HCCFCBmkDIiDoumk0ZmRW4ib6egDRLoAvFmTeKkDU6qa VYqSlImlLCiMeXieOSCaFhmhGJqRERih6SiHCoCFEjqL6acDBUqlD4J8KqaobsioSuioLgYCTtiD P1qn6yejmfmPuamYfEqDNYmJzvefGdmC0KkDIGCggHIKyLeqPqACkOqqrZoMr6qqrBqriWqri2qr ijqrK2YCyGeOUgikIdl+OXCpAKmObrmH9rl+pcqOM+gC0iilqOphsOCovKoO1zoI2VqtuOpiu9qt LWb/fOY4b8KKh7gYoWJ6kUIJoQl4kXZZiyzgj5HngYiKCtbKqoLwrauar7HKq/eqr4wasN36rbBa sLBaq9tKFymwg+RarhUpjezYn1YZAzb4kkj5qbTYnP/YAYXoprSqrf3aqgRbsCPLrdwqsCQLrgRb siObsEBhmfJGridakYlJgTcwhxdwlRULoRRrixP6met4qvX6sfxatC0rsvuKrbqKsEabtPaKtCkL sgbrssmQAkzYAT4ojNDIrP8YeYn5pbSIhzzbjnLpgtEqedNaKbK6tE07tVB7rSh7sCEbtSbrtlIb t72qfs9IAlg3b1vrp/9ol7iIiTb4s1TYiTXZtTGI/wNpqyprK7VRi7J4S7Rym7RHW7eTi68Gq2In 4ALnCqUleo6YeJ6D+4ymK6ZJOZO32LM1WJ6KqwOMO7Rv+pAp4Hy8KQMip7fH6ZIYS7gVC6+te7pd WZ7SiIUmKbuzm48nIAMA2oW+yaW1eYkBWbjHKYFJiYNCSbz/6ANt6rHJq48oUJMXCQLPe6KF6YLr t4VU+ILWS7MYeakYqakc0LiO+70ouZQO+HVSKL4tKpM3SLFVeJvTGJSmG7/TyAE4mqP2C5Fbips3 QK5bG8ACqb4tuaxeqnzsd7qa6gNml6r2S7VvaKIRaqiiG8EP6o/QmY6Rx6ld+pxdewPE5r2Va4Rx 6/+vbJtiIOyGtfuClgqQo8vDu2uDq3unpDmaDSCh5zm66ngDF5DA1Eq0OQzFc1u3m3tiUdyG4QvA /mielkqF5pqLiZuYD8jDp2us03hvyFvD+1qrSku3+IqwcByylqu5ctu2bOxiJpC+n8nFXXyc7KfF tenFLRyUQDuNC6AAMdwNazvH/Dq5dwu1H3uvdiu5c0vJd3zFg9C5zMq157q+0UiFAWmbpQi06FfI PnDIC0CMHwq5AKu5NizHjcyySPvGlVzLtMzK4KpiKWCiz7jH7+vHn8y/9ymxMzq66HjKOMtgioy5 kFy0VSzFzizLz0zJbUu5jsxiu4yVm/jLNMmstKj/nzCgqURapKf7jNSJzHOYzhmgzGr7tE4Lx87M zCA7x3LMxpb8ryU7wz7JuujYySEpvpvspTgLlBZZwOqIfIeczgo9h+sMAY1ILguchJgMC8tLizTQ eOk4ut1Mumd8fk76gs17zje70CSdzi/HARVAhJ4V0S1Gx0m4vPNGAmPJARkNzHWqqV83xnh4g+vo nCtc0kBN0iHIYCwtnCBglb/sxer6w3VKpoIbeeMc1FKt0EW9miSApgRcp+j7z1ybmBObvzeQ0FM9 1lUtmRkwhyv6nGF7sSmsoopJyEMa1WM91VI5sCw9AuksmqUJjTRZl2JslzObA3M92AqAYrn8hnbd /4au/KpOm4QpYG8FeAF6/dFd/Izn6p02KNiETdZRmdhsqKuumq/aOto+edZz+HJFfMTlvLta7ZkX 6wObzdknK9qhDcuqStqNPM+03a+7Pdt1bK+jzdu0rYQjYNomDWybKqprLcG/m4c6ANmxHdSJGtpT i621jdsiG9zUTd3Cjd3b7dmzjKuNvWJUCd0K/XIT+XVd19Pv279sfYsjHd3SvcjZvd3PfN1Lu8a0 DNrcDdyizd/z3N0q64odINYkvQAcwAAZkNNdt6mY6bsVm8TtZ+CDfcQdvdCyqt32PdwazuEbLtw3 fNv/jdsezt8mfmJMSOElzQAMgGjqraJESpq82f/Nlm3IKj7VDXCVfUjSSrurwz3eI06rAuvjQe7h uf3d/h3gQk7isFDchJ0BE9DiC06dMJ7TxWzZ4lyANy7VxVqbOsDj2HnYEFnesX0BExDl8PafBIzT Dj7OC/Dmm53jSEkDcl3YYS6V8bnlU30BDBDl7+ak0Fjj8W3ScL7ZNyCUszjScF7WrMiE8q3Ofe7n iPaf8evTKnreeh7U7jesN7sAMXgDjA6JTv7op50Bkc7iUt6kXuu1Xufmb57pQH3ol9h+53epoe6G o07qOJtofY7qLO7iuWnEhP7q0X3o3kzr7IiDt66EJGDcuq4Apo7qZ+7rLC7ZolnShS7fD47lYc3/ kqC+7EZoAoD67Azd6yx+5lGO6hmwAEXsdRcAbK8ubPAWbIZO6Yb8dV4H7i0m7rAe2xyA7uk+7b/O 7hYaeb+mfQke6RzQ7+ed06xegKOp7ypGlfGe7aSO4BNAARkf8H5+yDK+wu+eaGdOASQ/AQtf5g5v yAoQ8RL/ICkgqRUf8wUY3QvQARsA8L6+7jhrlSoqbH1O8kCv4LGNpgTttT7ghPne8kBxAk14AU7v 9DEf9Qx/AShn7upu0qR5i+MM5UBf8kK/2Z7u06IaeUoPFFs370+f9lIv9SUdggk+7WcOqOit2neK swwA9Oj+9Ziu5TF/AZhYqmFLgWWfDJaJaPB2//jAlvZqv/YVH9lvH/AUwADBFu1NGtZvbuoZr/HT rvOMX/HcSaiweZD0NviooHWHdvqGj/iJr/isL/UhGOkVMPIar+D/DgLE2vP/3uKZ7wFo3vnClvaf T4UHKfqkPwjM2HjHhfrvpvqIz/qLL2wone6Rnvl+3gHtl7NmyueR/+8UoAEhsAEK/vu/7/xpT5/D H4w4gAP2V/xjOQLFBwLw/2DKf/rMf/jkz+ssHvvojvc0DQg5Nz46ORcXFRoUExQUGiQbDBkLh5WV GZiZmB0unZ4mMzg4oSqlpqeoqaqrrK2ur6wnJCQjtSMguLgdu7wcvr/AmsIZHAwVGxuNyhQOH/8b HTo+PjQ0ORk3HRqKyoySF8PCwBwdOC4mKDPp6jM1sO7v8PGvJiazs7a1ubm8veLimRyOaRtI0AEG CDI6+OAgI6E0DhscbJvAqEI4f8B2gRi1rmM7eal8rBLpiqQ0VCRBqkJBr6W9e/hu6dPFb5e/DhUc YSA40NEGEAnHdQi6MJG2Z8kqYPRVk1eFChw72rBR4yNKaSlLjnwlMqsprypLnUBBlmVLei9h4pup r+mxDRo8aPOADFmjCg1ljEgoA4RNgRqe3m3K76lhwxBqzJjKmPGDB6rAao3MVYVkySpPpNhcluxZ tGlpxZTJFsSIuqhTQ0AoA0cNHA1xVdgFQVv/hdoUDuvevbp3jcbAH2CgfDUl1lJYvSY/ddzycubN kZ+0/JW61xPYsW/m3Pkz6NCjbdnzQF6ECPLkN1iwIKo9jtUjVj+F8EADBAsaLEDQ3bt/7/XrPTDV DgTugMGBGEgQWXTVKVfdg9ShZN1XJxmHXIMNYqZCdtltl0JnZnlXT2j2mGCeCCGkqGKK5D1QVTrt VeWfBQfih4F+/t0H4I4WPPYYBgW+IOQOEhSpYEghHefghRAap2SEEjJp4ZTucKidhyCGKOIsJpZg XgglhHnilxj8NlVVZtaw4wMGCYfBAzwG6OOcbh4owQ4v8KDnnnsS1ySUTAJqIZRdAfonoYhq/xiL lR5yl+VnKHxoXphighlmCBgA1xidGBjUaZt0/ojgqEYWqWcPqKbKQwQRLDidc9M1N2igTlZoKK0U 1lpoWFZ22GiWkW4XpgolnDBsmCncGeQOjBWJoAQRSOAAqxKM+mypRjqgLZ+pdptqWOCGK26VvV7Z KIemYHdKCSnwECQPLxAoQZ7ZRjAtqw5gK622DvC5ZwIAR+DtwOMWbPDBp5SLbsKqnODvw/5GkACr EUD8b8AUD6zxtwh37HHB6lZ5ag97ogqxtzxgnPHGLGv88cswx6xCyzTXbPPGMuess7g39+wzy/Eo Ks+rOxeNys9IJx10hLO+I7TROSctdc9LQ/8I0tNQxzz11jSP9OpyXT0pnUkMwhp2rYiOrfba0JFN tNZcx00wkhdSmbbdhpqE4aFZ4R3lhIHCLffgPbhqa924Jmo103sn7tzYsYKFN9bjEk64n7jqLWXj S/rdNOB0//n5y5YP7nXkhz+OdtpNfo2627me7arjgpe+dda4526K7XHr7jvUvHP9+/A6B3878ciT brzUyTff8fLMt0I57tMPD73S0r9c/VbOs3I90pN5vD3m3R/9vc+nw772c7AiHjvgsjL4XNnOn49+ 6LuCnv/+j/8dK+eZK18q7Ec1/JntbKlDYP6Y0zqxMU5K4wMeAW3mpwXmrXGBO9QFNxc4zdX/b4I1 Sx/kRsg+sHlNUA7UVfsyiDwQhlBcEfxYDKPmwpaNa4YC9FgNbZjDHsZjh0DzoRBhAUScDfGI3ivi 3AyGQ4Q9rYk/VKK3nPjAW8lsSQzcmRSneLC+6e6JRdtit063Pvk9yYQrZN8KZ2e292WxjWuMDv2i KMbChU5xHIQfAAc1Pf59zoP8YyAUS1FHVGFucgHEo/4oJL0Usi6PChxh/8BVSDv+TZGArKIfF+fB RC4yi357ZBMrScY0NnB/u5LVg+SYpARK8pSSBNvbQEJKAQ6yhYVEoi4HmMtd+nJmvfylLmspTCQS 843cq5oMfXjMxd2Rhc90B+XAKE0dBhOZ/+SrpvYqo7tmvjJ+X4PjK9nWNqbJMYVvm9/raDVLWl5T dAD85Ogy6EVMatJ/e4RmWLyZKDQyjo+cpN//7Om2dMLTfbck5Ds9mbhANm2eenRfRCuYTyvuc6Hi 9KfeZqVGca6voeicJepimavKYVSXUExoK/g5xDkOjYZ1LOYwTyrT8rG0pt1jaTvDolLy9dSkMY2m SiDKxEsSj5+3JGrBsIjLoLatUOqTZd+UdE7JWa2qeSyp75DKSHt28KAXDOQiLWjRrHHVcWKtZz/L BtXYRXKOOzXaWVmX1jeGUkJqpac+fyqPuU41k/R0qEDzBk6xrrGbNMVp826q2OQxtrFHTf8sZK0n 2cluFaMz7OQNazrXl4IOhqyY5mWdik14aBa0MkUqVtk2P3O6bnWGQ1xB3zdbN1qTtGB1EEAzeVcD DhSRgFVquPx6QBKu8p7JIVv2JMrbvQFUn0AVI0Wx6FDkJpO6d6voc8vKM8yusrAkDS5V8wrH7c4W sB5F2GOpR0Vt3la6ltVqSeIa3S3G16aVva9Z86tfufJ3l3wdbn4D3LE//m69SBTufnHLwdU99H/q K2cax1tSqWquhC412FkvjKG6DvSOiGQuXa0L3YJtGIJnJJQ/JwkdT05Jo86Np/IYLJ3j4hWbVqVM iD874uaWuL5SPCE7IVwcVErutWiN5Sb/75ZhE/+3vz/uLo2h3EqZIZjKxXsylmF25S3Xzr7lIzDu urzMZC7XqJGd8s40JOYFw/fGpoywhDuqzgv/dsgqri131YtZq34YuwYOoN04bGN5atG7tHUrPgNd 3LdCktCfDCOivTpdTlr6yJd2cZQ1POk2/vXI6O0qGtX5XUD+edNOVrOXD63qVcP0za52M5hjLesg 07rWSrw1rotouDa3mMWKVW2Nc0Zfzva5xqSu0Hhfe97khm3YHWXmscurQKJFrn90Vu61r31E1S5b 2YretrOVo1xqRzuHwu6quhkp7l+Lurbp9DWQc52kIj9byVVVNrOd9NR795DMTpP3TFs9WFSBG1PL up43rxMuaYIz/GAAfzglES5xlUS84u50OMYFrPGNX7TjHs84rEPOZ5CTHB4XP/krUq7ylVK85S43 OcxdwfKZ81LmNl9FzXO+u5fz/BQ7/3klAwEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/transcripts.gif R0lGODlhSgAWAJEAAAAAzMzM/////wAAACwAAAAASgAWAAACkIyPqcvt34SctNqLs97W8A+GouSN 5jmW6Mpeaguzb0yngQXkep3lmp+ZTYA8FNF1uxB9zJ3u+JQ8m8CpNIrELLHXKuBK2VoFXnAwifua u1ivU02Gl+PrrFKOZ9fp26F6ftSBVtHnN+aGx4UIF8dIIVQ0EvgBGRkyyVFpuSmgyRnp+RmTIPpJ WroJobrK2spQAAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/guests.gif R0lGODlhOAAWAJEAAAAAzMzM/////wAAACwAAAAAOAAWAAACbYyPqcvtIaKctNqLM8y8+7t94giS 5imE6Mqp7Fu5E0ADL03KEb6zvKgT/CS8Ym13rOGUmssQCTU+jZ7gkiq0KbfYbdPStWXHFSxRXHIy kccsF+1eY4KwF72+uuNP+n3OD4MAaHcwyPKAmKjoUAAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/related_prog.gif R0lGODlhdQAWAJEAAAAAzMzM/////wAAACwAAAAAdQAWAAACy4yPqcvtD6OEotqLs968+w+GXiCW 5ommo8q27iuQ8EzXmGznuoqjAND67YY9zO+4ESaBHuXl6Byiik9m1HKtfrLKrDRExVqB0IqzDCUj BelMFyksm9Fq9rp9X2vCc/jY7lYHaPcW2Jf2V9gmNvjmdcMRp0Yn5ncox0U5t6nIdNk4trgXGeq5 CYrKOKilitqpKnl6Zgq5VKlJ6Jg7mcl6eCv4WbhLW/t1fCrFh0wj97XMHE0DLV3dQm2dLYKg3c3C 7R1uMkFebn6OTl4AADs= ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/feedback.gif R0lGODlhTgAWAJEAAAAAzMzM/////wAAACwAAAAATgAWAAAClIyPqcvtD4WctNqLs9478A+G4uWN 5olKZcq22erGMSxXACDcpi7S2A0c6XgiIsh3MRZxyk+z48RNgNJc0BqkVqnTrPRpQVq0vOH3apYo 013rMdrlksvMs1pexeahHOI6T+fmFmjExiFmA8ilV+d1xXjHBlaBWGP5UXmpiZG56TnR+ekZKlqD UIoKepCaCuH6ChsLUQAAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/bjw.gif R0lGODlhSgASAMT/AP//AMz/AMzMM8zMAJnMM5nMAMDAwJmZZpmZM5mZAGaZZmZmZmZmM2ZmADNm ADMzMzMzAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEA AAYALAAAAABKABIAQAX/4CGMAjEeh2GIpMCeaiuo76zehmzjfO/ngMZDhQAMGLHg8DYIChbDg/Eh iCx+NwAAcgVyvQvBtgvF8g6DQWJhNZtRj657bhYLV4Ht0r6UbmkCCQBrMQxLP1pfdFgiWoMmgRF7 emcJbTcCEIdAhDFiRgQ5eQNho1cITQAuD1IDEUl3Bk0NXXwqTZ1AAIdSkliJcos/YgkIAmqKQLFA A0MCcU0OKwivZsC6CQdFpJ5Qg8GwfVpttjd+y2IDySg+12BgxODsbik5luAGC/jymZvCPPpwBFyA 68GDBkYUqCA4yGARJV0KAChgcKESfyoeaBGC8V+4j8omNcPUBIK5Kviyn4zxOEyJiAANLpWT9S3H AQZTVqC0tlInChgngfLg84BBEwSYlJhLBIdTGENu3JWMI4aLFAZWECxLGsvPl5kGCICKc2sQgo48 3FW9snZtnYZJ7oUc6kqOFLkq8tTDoXblWj9IDxBAoeoKlAiIDSauBeCSOag4Dji+lWDTA8SJDVxG rBmzYQgQEF/BWu2HFBdV0NJxMZml64WLXy9MKbtHCAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/newrivermedia.gif R0lGODlheABaANX/AP//////zP/M///MzMz//8z/zMzM/8zMzMzMmcyZ/8yZzMyZmZnMzJnMmZmZ /5mZzJmZmZmZZplm/5lmzJlmmWaZzGaZmWZm/2ZmzGZmmWZmZmYz/2YzzGYzZsDAwDNmZjMz/zMz zDMzmTMzZjMzMzMA/zMAzDMAmTMAZgAzMwAAmQAAZgAAMwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAB4ALAAAAAB4AFoAQAb/QI9w SCwaj8ikcslsOp/QqHRKrVqFrax2y+16v+CweDyGQKKhtHrNbrvf8Lh8Tq+7zca1KfQA+EchJg8a K4J+ACQrIn4QKn1/KnyHJCd8GSuVaSUhGIcjKw8GGCZ7e48ALCoiBn4HLJUPI6qHECuOAAaKh66L DqRveEVtEysErScXIqQOkyEXKHyVzLgsHBwMrdUZmWzTiCbTBiylrH4sarTIIpnp0RiRuyshh4R7 bMFEw/LeECOmniYwFHqQqdyBDCpMGET4xhsJcIdQ2CuHSk0nPxpEBNrTrpYEeK3k0bJ374ywbifs HUpB6tRDDowipWFUaCaAWm7+/QnhbcSD/3UJDp1TI8EPJTUwGVVi5WpeSKcAHqBwIG8NviF2smrd yrXrHZNPvhzw0+LQGKMkSJwF0ELDTTFuIYxxOzbM1StDzOjdy7ev37+AAwseTBiv4cOIEytezLgx FDKQI0ueHPnuFcqYM2suA9aJ18+gQ3+2zMbEhFPyku1xaM9BIxDpSvBLSdDNhEkQd6YpF2BoUaNp Hshst6fAuHhQFcgsmUfPgxVJb2JQxpOWOW4X6Am8CKCDwIa0Hjx4RTJEUHOtQz5X2YoVThOwW0Fg IKImsM5CSk+QSfFcbgCABOKaTNmh54xQ5a3BWk/kCLVGOQtUZdNNJ4BgAgfiQIWASDQlGP8CaaKB Zo+FIW5UYhqWCQHYZiy2qFlhj3mhgQYtQEDCjHPNCAGNcO3Ioxgk2AgXj0Gq5UWKjiWp5JJMNunk k1BGaYSLVFY5xmJWZqmlFkhSseWXVXaJxIlklvkZCJuMaeaabNoBYptwxsncSWnoRKEJyaTB2kwQ IHPINtVhtMc7bfw3wgnTPFCKeQhKYqAD7MQUiAEDnIPcIRp91ZwaJkiwiB8ZBESdQ86gKI8AT52y YTS2NcMgKf2lEZ0GlQAKVZ8lKPocVAdwCECvmtJp0S1+oKDafw8ZgAI3vyHyziksCORhoN8wc0AL kezRX4M3rUAMOjFh8B6vK8SnwTjB5sP/hrQLjdqMAS1wc+uuh1Cwqxs9OYpBnYyao8Zt5vTJHoUT jHspLnC8+W9VhwQQYL4XwCKTS9I0A55Rhta5LbjdBjJhn3yoQBW5UDUgoVX4edCGBPZwx5KjiKSx AYWyZlPzr0Phi1tPIDwQQqx1TjNufBSC8LNxGvpaiwNtKMzJCCMoYzTU52CQAdQkjHA11plsMsIr a3wt77ojZB31HhBEQMIrVkMNtbwifO0xCBi4HfXWa7cNtTImZLAjCyejmLKchMvpdOGInyjmEV/M qNaNP4Ix4+Q5Oj7GjUYOmfmRKVsh1gEQ/FqXGEZBRlZccL1F+k2/grF4FGDGzuLrUtZu//vtuOeu ++689+7778AHL/zwuctuPGZYHq88ZLSHtfzzdnVeBfTUc55Y9dhzKb2X2WPfPFaJh3+imuKXD9rh 5qfv5uDqt5+V0xg44MADTIMwgfwcxC///Po7gMEG+/OfMwK4rwvgj1Mh2AD95PcADOyLDQbcXwEJ iCf5YUACATzN/ga4QAxc4IEJY18aLOQNC8CnbhUiFUQawZ2zAQxAg8JEaU5xKGYQIFOTctDP/NAb AdWEFsNpysEU9Ys5qWsNGBjLr+QxHT1Z7Gd9KhDNvBEqToxNQDs7hDz2cJ6K/AddkOKIpDghDhMc 7Cb32ZTHJpABTzgjU816SBou0IhbDf+kHbVpA4NO8QFuebGFEhPjnYyWoTMCq2ki/NenKNREZIkq ZDtcIieUCCwMXDEEzfKHQ9zlrxAQjVZWi9RNEkIQeoWEaLXw0OGIYZAVHItUDpBICCpmjulAazrT Ys0jIlAVhTTqVsiwDxD5IA+QSFIol3SaIFTQQlxSiwSdABsppDiCd3AHmoFTA6kMAAHAPahRvgTA htbzsRFwU5ghwYAAznXJDyUyDd+hRQY4iYg2tmBRUMmAQGZVgWw60SigAAAI09DFnE3DFcIZWD+6 tQei8SIqISjBtFa5D3rwbUHj8NnHhHMrkOkMYwflBtAOZJQqfuwEG6iFJR3qqwykUVj/afgWdw7g D5j5AwPQSGigAqCBhFCEVherlhtzaKCPbVGQIGvEyM7YgOWgTI2B2E8aUOWvjIVABOKSiTfA+Es9 ZhFjREUFSZCj0JRwQCG+AhYt/LnKTGx1NU/kZiYK5Io90BVdHxWqbsJZEY3RRA2orFBACumHVa3V Y08VFgkzMbNOqpAZjWAPTmySypxk0hB/CGWs4JMboI4wHRfCmRkLq7QVjCyxR4SnQP0qVgBqB7Ta AoBnd0iraXHAGxqY0EGgQxFAGI1u1/EYdyCQgXKIQ4o0/Y8CZGFE8PELsaWI7kbsQYoikqQ800Lg L6pbpxOkhF/VzW6dwmsCvpE3vJwqh2Jz8+O+9s4Bfe6Nr+CgKt/4kgJJK+pe9WDkPP1C73tNEEvr QseW1R3gwGtR4uZkpDoDR+96Xjgw60YXhkM0GAxkIUHrwoA6MYTOLZHjAoCZ8Lm4UBjDFl5LKxbc hQ5L7lcQGAuLszDiJfiXejVmAmF2zOMe+5jHxAuykIdM5CIb+chIvl0QAAA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/jpeg Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/pfizer.jpg /9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAgEASABIAAD/7RC0UGhvdG9zaG9wIDMuMAA4QklNA+kAAAAAAHgAKAAAAEgA SAAAAAAC5wJS//f/9wMPAlsgAgUoA/wAAAAAAWgBaAAAAAAOgwuaAXQAMguaSKgASwABAQEAAAAB Jw8AAQABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQBkAwMAAAAAAAAAAEC1BAAiAAIAAAAAADVTeSA4 QklNA+0AAAAAABAASAAAAAEAAQBIAAAAAQABOEJJTQQNAAAAAAAEAAAAeDhCSU0D8wAAAAAACAAA AAAAAAAAOEJJTQQKAAAAAAABAAA4QklNJxAAAAAAAAoAAQAAAAAAAAACOEJJTQP1AAAAAABIAC9m ZgABAGxmZgAGAAAAAAABAC9mZgABAKGZmgAGAAAAAAABADIAAAABAFoAAAAGAAAAAAABADUAAAAB AC0AAAAGAAAAAAABOEJJTQP4AAAAAABwAAD/////////////////////////////A+gAAAAA//// /////////////////////////wPoAAAAAP////////////////////////////8D6AAAAAD///// ////////////////////////A+gAADhCSU0ECAAAAAAAEAAAAAEAAAJAAAACQAAAAAA4QklNBBQA AAAAAAQAAAACOEJJTQQMAAAAAA6fAAAAAQAAAHAAAABIAAABUAAAXoAAAA6DABgAAf/Y/+AAEEpG SUYAAQIBAEgASAAA//4AJkZpbGUgd3JpdHRlbiBieSBBZG9iZSBQaG90b3Nob3CoIDUuMP/uAA5B ZG9iZQBkgAAAAAH/2wCEAAwICAgJCAwJCQwRCwoLERUPDAwPFRgTExUTExgRDAwMDAwMEQwMDAwM DAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwBDQsLDQ4NEA4OEBQODg4UFA4ODg4UEQwMDAwMEREMDAwM DAwRDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDP/AABEIAEgAcAMBIgACEQEDEQH/3QAEAAf/ xAE/AAABBQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAADAAECBAUGBwgJCgsBAAEFAQEBAQEBAAAAAAAAAAEAAgMEBQYH CAkKCxAAAQQBAwIEAgUHBggFAwwzAQACEQMEIRIxBUFRYRMicYEyBhSRobFCIyQVUsFiMzRygtFD ByWSU/Dh8WNzNRaisoMmRJNUZEXCo3Q2F9JV4mXys4TD03Xj80YnlKSFtJXE1OT0pbXF1eX1VmZ2 hpamtsbW5vY3R1dnd4eXp7fH1+f3EQACAgECBAQDBAUGBwcGBTUBAAIRAyExEgRBUWFxIhMFMoGR FKGxQiPBUtHwMyRi4XKCkkNTFWNzNPElBhaisoMHJjXC0kSTVKMXZEVVNnRl4vKzhMPTdePzRpSk hbSVxNTk9KW1xdXl9VZmdoaWprbG1ub2JzdHV2d3h5ent8f/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/APVUklXzc7Ew Md2TmWtppZy53j+61o9z3/yGIgEmgLJQSALJoBsKtmdRwMFm/MyK6ByN7gCf6rfpOXEdX+vWflF1 XTW/ZKDp6roNzv8AvlP/AE3/APCLmbHvtsNtrnWWO1c95LnH+05XcXw+Utch4P6o1k0M3xOETWMc Z/e2g9/l/X/o9RLcau7Kd2LW7Gf51u13/gay7v8AGJnEk0YVVbf+Ee5x/wCgK1ytVVt9rKKWmy61 wZWwcuc76LV2N/1f6R9W+kHPz6m9QztGsY/+a9V30a66vo+m3859n6T/AKhTSwcti4YmJnORqMb9 R/6MWCHM83m4pCUccIaylWg/6TQ/8cPrRMNqxPhFh/8ARqf/AMcHrnejF/zbP/Sq0Og9OyOu4xye oYuEzp9pc2uuqnZbpLfUourdup22fvepvXKdVwD03qWRgl2/0Hw1/ctcBZWXfytj/enY4cvOcsft xEo7/pfisy5OahCOX3ZGE9r9P/Nehq/xidQBHrYdT299j3MP/TFi08T/ABg9JsgZVN2Kf3oFjf8A Or9//ga4BJPlyWCX6PD/AHSxw+IcxHeQl/eD69hdU6dnt3YeRXf4hrhuH9Zn02q0vGGucx4sYSx7 dWvadpB8nNXSdI+vHUsMtqz/ANdxxoXGBcB/Jfo23/rn/bqq5fh8hrjPF/VOkm7h+JwkayR4P6w1 i+hpKr07qWF1LGGTh2i2s6HsWn9yxh9zHq0qJBBIIojoXQBBAINg9Q//0PTeoZ2N0/DtzMl22qkS 6OT+6xv8t7va1cLi3Yv1s6mW9WyLqbnOLcDEo1YysNNlrnvcx7PUdt99n/qPYb/GB1J1ubT0xh/R Y7RdaPGx0isO/wCLr93/AF1R/wAX2H6nUcnMcPbjVith7brTud/m11/+CLQxYhi5eWYmpkXEj9H9 3/Gc3NmOXmo8uADjB9YP6X73+K3M/wCpn1d6dR9ozc6+mrcG7nFp9x+i321FMPqJ0rLwxkdNz7H+ o3dTY7a+s/1tjWOUP8Ymb+kw8EHRodkWD/wKr/0at/6qYxxvq7g1nl1fqn/rpdf/AOjE2WXNHBDL 7kuKUvl04eFdHDgnnyYfajwwj82vFxPMfUXpjx1rKtyGQ/pzTSR+7a4mt0f9bY//AD1Y/wAYmZL8 LAaeN2RY3/wGk/8ASuW59WaAKM3NGv2/Mvuae+wPNNX/AJ73LH6v0PC671y0s6zS3Ij0m4jWB72C oH1GfzzHfT9R7/YiMsZc0ck9I4x2Mta/q/4SJYZR5MY8YuWQ9xG4yP8AW/quH0f62dT6RiHEpZXd SCXVi3dLCTucBs+kzd7llZOTdl5FmVkO33XOL7HcanwH5rWt9rVuda+qI6RTRY/PbY7IuZQxrqxW 0bvp2vs9V+2upvuerGN9S8LMsdXidbpyHsG5zaq2vIHi7ZkOVoZeXjeQace8hGf/AHrTlg5udYpa 8FVEyh9P0nlkl0vV/qazpWE7Kt6gbXEiumhlHvstfpVSz9M76Ser6lux8J2f1vMbgUsAc6tjfUcJ 7Of9H1N3+DqZanfecJAkJXZ4RpK5S/qxY/uWcS4TGqHEdY8MR/Wk8ykumyvqaX9Ob1LouUc+h7d4 qc3a9zf+Cjbus/4F9f8A00Hof1Vq6xisuZ1Kqq5wLnYzWCx7GyWsdZFrHM3/AMpiP3nFwmXFoDwy 0lcZf1oq+55+MQ4dSOIax4ZR/qycvpfVczpWWMrEdB0FlZ+jY39yz/vj/wDBr1DpXU8fqmDXm459 lmjmnlrh9Ot/8pq4+7/F7mMsqZTlttFjj6tjq9ja2gfS/nXussd+ZX/4Ir3QsHL+rfW2dNvuF+J1 RjnU2NG39NSN7t1Zc/Z+i/lfpP0aqc0cOaPFCQOQDi/vQj8ze5McxglwZIkYieHe+Ccvl/xn/9E/ 1x/8Uub/ANa/89VrrPqJieh0Ft5+ll2PtPwn0q/+hWsT/GB0x9eZT1KsRXktFFjuALG/zbnn+XX/ AOeV0NPXOg9O6YymrOx7DiUBrWMsaS41t+i0T9KzatDNIz5bFGAMroGv9X6XNwQEObzzmRGrMb/1 nqcHrY+q2Z1y3J6h1N7hWRS/ErqfA9LR9Rua125rrN+/YrPVvrvTZR9i6Gx78m6Kq7nN2NZuhjTU w+59mvsXEbnO97zL3Euef5Tjud/0itn6o4X2z6wYwI3Mx5yH+Wz+a/8AB3VKefLwjASmZTGKPpjK uD0+EWtDmsk8hhjjGBzS9Uo3x6+MuJ9DAo6R0mP8Dg0fMitv/VP2rkP8X2M+/PzOo26vYwMJI5fc 71rXf9D/AKa2Pr1mfZ+hmgH3Zdjav7I/Sv8A/PexVfqh1LovTejMryM2mvIve661jngFpJ2Ma7/r VbFUxiQ5bJIAmWWXDproPVJu5DE81jgSBHDEz1NeqXpi531/ynX9UxcCoGw0sn02iSbLjsZWB+9t Y3b/AF10/wBW+i19F6aKn7ftFn6TKsEAbo+hu/0dP0Gf9uf4Rc70fK6Rk/WHN671HLpq2WlmFVY8 AkAemMmHf8F7av8Ari1uudW6b1Dp78PD6vi43re26xzg4+mfpsZtez+c+j/UTsolwY8ABEQAckqN cR9X/NRh4OPLzBIlORIxxsfJH0j/ABmp03NZ9YfrY7IHuwelVu+yDs6x59P7QZ/fa2z0/wDravfW +rp+Vj0Yeb1FvTwX+qAW7t+wbfFv0HPXM9F6hh/VvrbmfaWZuFdW1l2RSPa0zvY5rQbPUbV9GzZ+ /wD8GtnrvScb6wdQw82jPxzhVtDb/eC7aHep+i27mbn/AM37/oIzgI5oGzDFGPolXh/W/S4lsMhn gyRqM8sp/rIcXj/V/R4W70rrP1e6b0/HwG5weKGBu8se3ceXPjb7dyq/UHEa3DzM+APteQ4MI7sY Tt/6b3qP1q+tuHXh3YHTbRflXNLH21mWVtOj/wBIPa+5zfbWxn0Pz1c6L1XoHTej4uKc7GDqagbG tsbO4j1LNJ+lvKZKMxhkRCXFmkLv1emPq4vTGP6TJGcDmjEzgRhifl9NGXp4fVKf6Ljda+teVifW ZzqGi3GwmnHNJMB5ftsvfuj2WNc1lTP+L/4RVR9YMrrn1k6U81Ciui8Cupp3H3fzr3vhv5jVzttz 77bL7P5y57rHz4vJe78q6L6h9Ndk9VdnuH6HCaQ09jbYNgb/AGKi93/batzw4sWIzMRxQhwX4n/v mjjz5s2cQEjwTycdf1Y6v//S9M6hgY3UcO3DyW7qrRBjkH817P5bHe5q8u6x0bL6Pl/Zskbmuk0X gQ2xo7t/dsb/AIWv8z+ovWlXzcHEz8d2NmVC6l3LXdj+81w9zH/y2qxy3MnCaOsDuP8AuotXm+Uj nj+7OPyy/wC5k+Prtv8AF3hxVmZ7h9NzaKz3AYPUt/znWM/7bVDrH1Gz8Tdd04nMoGvpGBcAP+hf /Y/Sf8Guu+reA7p/Q8TGsBbaGb7QRBD7CbbGu/qOfsVvm+YhLB6JA8ZA8a+ZpclyuSHMXkjXACQf 0ZE+l5P/ABg5nq9Tx8Np0xqy939aw/8AkK1yyudYzPt3VsvLmW22uDD/ACGfoqv+gxU1awQ4MUI9 hr5/pNPmcnuZpy7nT+6NApLRJOpWFSiWMOpaCfgnTpKW8hx2SgJ2hz3hjAXvdo1jRJPwaF0fSPqP 1LMLbM6cLHOpaYNzh/JZ9Gr/AK7/ANtJmTLDGLnIRZMWHJlNQiZf9H6ycbpfS8zquW3ExGy7Q2WH 6Nbf9JZ/31v+EXqPSumY/SsGvDxx7WauefpPcfp2P/lOUundNwumYwxsOoVVjU93OP79j/pPerSy eZ5o5jQ0gNh3/rSdvlOUjgFn1ZDvL/uYv//T9VSXyqkkp+qkzmhzS13DhB+BXyskkp+g8r/F/wBG s/otluKezWu3t/zbdzv/AARZd3+LvOaf0GbVYO3qMcz/AKh1q8QSWhj+/dLr/WcP/detzcv+j79X Df8Aq+L/ALj0vsbvqL9YQdG0O+FhH5a0w+ov1hPLaG/Gw/8AkF46kp/6Z/q2v/wf/rH22n/F51F3 8/l01eOxrnn/AKXpLUxf8X3SqyDlXXZJ/dkVt/za/f8A+CL5+SUGT799P9Xw/wDc+tsYv9HXpV/6 zi/7r0P0/g9K6b09u3Cxq6PFzW+4/wBaw+9ytr5VSVGXFZ474uvFu6EeGhw1w9OH5X6qSXyqkmrn /9kAOEJJTQQGAAAAAAAHAAQAAQABAQD/4gxYSUNDX1BST0ZJTEUAAQEAAAxITGlubwIQAABtbnRy UkdCIFhZWiAHzgACAAkABgAxAABhY3NwTVNGVAAAAABJRUMgc1JHQgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA9tYA AQAAAADTLUhQICAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA ABFjcHJ0AAABUAAAADNkZXNjAAABhAAAAGx3dHB0AAAB8AAAABRia3B0AAACBAAAABRyWFlaAAAC GAAAABRnWFlaAAACLAAAABRiWFlaAAACQAAAABRkbW5kAAACVAAAAHBkbWRkAAACxAAAAIh2dWVk AAADTAAAAIZ2aWV3AAAD1AAAACRsdW1pAAAD+AAAABRtZWFzAAAEDAAAACR0ZWNoAAAEMAAAAAxy VFJDAAAEPAAACAxnVFJDAAAEPAAACAxiVFJDAAAEPAAACAx0ZXh0AAAAAENvcHlyaWdodCAoYykg MTk5OCBIZXdsZXR0LVBhY2thcmQgQ29tcGFueQAAZGVzYwAAAAAAAAASc1JHQiBJRUM2MTk2Ni0y LjEAAAAAAAAAAAAAABJzUkdCIElFQzYxOTY2LTIuMQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAWFlaIAAAAAAAAPNRAAEAAAABFsxYWVogAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAFhZWiAAAAAAAABvogAAOPUAAAOQWFlaIAAAAAAAAGKZAAC3hQAAGNpYWVogAAAAAAAA JKAAAA+EAAC2z2Rlc2MAAAAAAAAAFklFQyBodHRwOi8vd3d3LmllYy5jaAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFklF QyBodHRwOi8vd3d3LmllYy5jaAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAABkZXNjAAAAAAAAAC5JRUMgNjE5NjYtMi4xIERlZmF1bHQgUkdCIGNvbG91ciBzcGFj ZSAtIHNSR0IAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC5JRUMgNjE5NjYtMi4xIERlZmF1bHQgUkdCIGNvbG91ciBzcGFj ZSAtIHNSR0IAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAZGVzYwAAAAAAAAAsUmVmZXJlbmNlIFZpZXdp bmcgQ29uZGl0aW9uIGluIElFQzYxOTY2LTIuMQAAAAAAAAAAAAAALFJlZmVyZW5jZSBWaWV3aW5n IENvbmRpdGlvbiBpbiBJRUM2MTk2Ni0yLjEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHZpZXcA AAAAABOk/gAUXy4AEM8UAAPtzAAEEwsAA1yeAAAAAVhZWiAAAAAAAEwJVgBQAAAAVx/nbWVhcwAA AAAAAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAo8AAAACc2lnIAAAAABDUlQgY3VydgAAAAAAAAQAAAAA BQAKAA8AFAAZAB4AIwAoAC0AMgA3ADsAQABFAEoATwBUAFkAXgBjAGgAbQByAHcAfACBAIYAiwCQ AJUAmgCfAKQAqQCuALIAtwC8AMEAxgDLANAA1QDbAOAA5QDrAPAA9gD7AQEBBwENARMBGQEfASUB KwEyATgBPgFFAUwBUgFZAWABZwFuAXUBfAGDAYsBkgGaAaEBqQGxAbkBwQHJAdEB2QHhAekB8gH6 AgMCDAIUAh0CJgIvAjgCQQJLAlQCXQJnAnECegKEAo4CmAKiAqwCtgLBAssC1QLgAusC9QMAAwsD FgMhAy0DOANDA08DWgNmA3IDfgOKA5YDogOuA7oDxwPTA+AD7AP5BAYEEwQgBC0EOwRIBFUEYwRx BH4EjASaBKgEtgTEBNME4QTwBP4FDQUcBSsFOgVJBVgFZwV3BYYFlgWmBbUFxQXVBeUF9gYGBhYG JwY3BkgGWQZqBnsGjAadBq8GwAbRBuMG9QcHBxkHKwc9B08HYQd0B4YHmQesB78H0gflB/gICwgf CDIIRghaCG4IggiWCKoIvgjSCOcI+wkQCSUJOglPCWQJeQmPCaQJugnPCeUJ+woRCicKPQpUCmoK gQqYCq4KxQrcCvMLCwsiCzkLUQtpC4ALmAuwC8gL4Qv5DBIMKgxDDFwMdQyODKcMwAzZDPMNDQ0m DUANWg10DY4NqQ3DDd4N+A4TDi4OSQ5kDn8Omw62DtIO7g8JDyUPQQ9eD3oPlg+zD88P7BAJECYQ QxBhEH4QmxC5ENcQ9RETETERTxFtEYwRqhHJEegSBxImEkUSZBKEEqMSwxLjEwMTIxNDE2MTgxOk E8UT5RQGFCcUSRRqFIsUrRTOFPAVEhU0FVYVeBWbFb0V4BYDFiYWSRZsFo8WshbWFvoXHRdBF2UX iReuF9IX9xgbGEAYZRiKGK8Y1Rj6GSAZRRlrGZEZtxndGgQaKhpRGncanhrFGuwbFBs7G2Mbihuy G9ocAhwqHFIcexyjHMwc9R0eHUcdcB2ZHcMd7B4WHkAeah6UHr4e6R8THz4faR+UH78f6iAVIEEg bCCYIMQg8CEcIUghdSGhIc4h+yInIlUigiKvIt0jCiM4I2YjlCPCI/AkHyRNJHwkqyTaJQklOCVo JZclxyX3JicmVyaHJrcm6CcYJ0kneierJ9woDSg/KHEooijUKQYpOClrKZ0p0CoCKjUqaCqbKs8r Ais2K2krnSvRLAUsOSxuLKIs1y0MLUEtdi2rLeEuFi5MLoIuty7uLyQvWi+RL8cv/jA1MGwwpDDb MRIxSjGCMbox8jIqMmMymzLUMw0zRjN/M7gz8TQrNGU0njTYNRM1TTWHNcI1/TY3NnI2rjbpNyQ3 YDecN9c4FDhQOIw4yDkFOUI5fzm8Ofk6Njp0OrI67zstO2s7qjvoPCc8ZTykPOM9Ij1hPaE94D4g PmA+oD7gPyE/YT+iP+JAI0BkQKZA50EpQWpBrEHuQjBCckK1QvdDOkN9Q8BEA0RHRIpEzkUSRVVF mkXeRiJGZ0arRvBHNUd7R8BIBUhLSJFI10kdSWNJqUnwSjdKfUrESwxLU0uaS+JMKkxyTLpNAk1K TZNN3E4lTm5Ot08AT0lPk0/dUCdQcVC7UQZRUFGbUeZSMVJ8UsdTE1NfU6pT9lRCVI9U21UoVXVV wlYPVlxWqVb3V0RXklfgWC9YfVjLWRpZaVm4WgdaVlqmWvVbRVuVW+VcNVyGXNZdJ114XcleGl5s Xr1fD19hX7NgBWBXYKpg/GFPYaJh9WJJYpxi8GNDY5dj62RAZJRk6WU9ZZJl52Y9ZpJm6Gc9Z5Nn 6Wg/aJZo7GlDaZpp8WpIap9q92tPa6dr/2xXbK9tCG1gbbluEm5rbsRvHm94b9FwK3CGcOBxOnGV cfByS3KmcwFzXXO4dBR0cHTMdSh1hXXhdj52m3b4d1Z3s3gReG54zHkqeYl553pGeqV7BHtje8J8 IXyBfOF9QX2hfgF+Yn7CfyN/hH/lgEeAqIEKgWuBzYIwgpKC9INXg7qEHYSAhOOFR4Wrhg6GcobX hzuHn4gEiGmIzokziZmJ/opkisqLMIuWi/yMY4zKjTGNmI3/jmaOzo82j56QBpBukNaRP5GokhGS epLjk02TtpQglIqU9JVflcmWNJaflwqXdZfgmEyYuJkkmZCZ/JpomtWbQpuvnByciZz3nWSd0p5A nq6fHZ+Ln/qgaaDYoUehtqImopajBqN2o+akVqTHpTilqaYapoum/adup+CoUqjEqTepqaocqo+r Aqt1q+msXKzQrUStuK4trqGvFq+LsACwdbDqsWCx1rJLssKzOLOutCW0nLUTtYq2AbZ5tvC3aLfg uFm40blKucK6O7q1uy67p7whvJu9Fb2Pvgq+hL7/v3q/9cBwwOzBZ8Hjwl/C28NYw9TEUcTOxUvF yMZGxsPHQce/yD3IvMk6ybnKOMq3yzbLtsw1zLXNNc21zjbOts83z7jQOdC60TzRvtI/0sHTRNPG 1EnUy9VO1dHWVdbY11zX4Nhk2OjZbNnx2nba+9uA3AXcit0Q3ZbeHN6i3ynfr+A24L3hROHM4lPi 2+Nj4+vkc+T85YTmDeaW5x/nqegy6LzpRunQ6lvq5etw6/vshu0R7ZzuKO6070DvzPBY8OXxcvH/ 8ozzGfOn9DT0wvVQ9d72bfb794r4Gfio+Tj5x/pX+uf7d/wH/Jj9Kf26/kv+3P9t/////gAmRmls ZSB3cml0dGVuIGJ5IEFkb2JlIFBob3Rvc2hvcKggNS4w/+4ADkFkb2JlAGQAAAAAAf/bAIQABgQE BAUEBgUFBgkGBQYJCwgGBggLDAoKCwoKDBAMDAwMDAwQDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwM DAwMDAEHBwcNDA0YEBAYFA4ODhQUDg4ODhQRDAwMDAwREQwMDAwMDBEMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwM DAwMDAwMDAwMDAwM/8AAEQgATQB4AwERAAIRAQMRAf/dAAQAD//EALYAAAIDAQEBAQAAAAAAAAAA AAAHBQYIBAIBAwEAAgMBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAUDBAYBAgcQAAIBAwICBQYKCAMJAQAAAAECAxEE BQAGEgchMUEiE1EyQmKiCGFxgZFygpIjFBWxUtIzo1UXGKGyY8Hhg5MkRGSkFigRAAEDAgIGBggE BAcAAAAAAAIAAQMRBBIFITEiMlITQUJicrIVUWGhgpLiFAZxgaLSI6MkFpGx0cLycyX/2gAMAwEA AhEDEQA/ANU6EI0IRoQvMs0UKGSV1jjXpZ3IUD4yddZnfUuO9FUMzzb2JiiyPkBdTL0GK1UzH7Q7 ntauxZbMfRTvJfNmtvHrKr9naVPyHvEWa1GPw8knkeeQID9VQx/x1fDJH6xf4JdJ9wg26Lv3lESe 8NuE/u8VaL9JpW/QV1O2SR8RKq/3FJ0CK8f3C7o/ltj/ABv29d8kj4i9i5/cMvCP6v8AVeo/eG3G D95irNh6rSr+ktrj5JHxEut9wydIipWw94iA0GQwzr5Wt5Q3ssF/TqE8jfql8Ssx/cI9YX91W/D8 4NiZMhPxxs5W6o7tTF0/S6U9rVGXLJg6MXdTGHNreTrYe9sq4wXEFxEJYJFlibzZEYMp+IjVB2dn o6Ys7PpZfpri6jQhGhC//9DVOhC+O6IjO7BUUEsxNAAO0nRRCVm8+eeNx7yWW341yF0tVa7ckW6H 1adMn+XTm1ygi0ybLcPWSG9zwI9mPbL9HzJOZ/d248/MZMrfSTgmqw14Yl+jGtF0+hto4m2Wos1c Xssz7Ze71VD01OqqYXLflRc7pjOSv5Xs8OrFYygHizsPO4K9CoOrj0rv8yaF8I7R+FOctyl52xE+ EPEuy8l2tFuYbX2nta1y1wkhge7vnkkLuv7wijDhRKHifUYtI8fMlkIG4QUxvE0vKhjGR9WI1+vM rljFisBFuG0t47CVCqZLHQyNLApc8IkhZwGA4vOU65YZg5ny3fFwF1veXcyyxgj5jNgfrhvD7qVu nKz6NCEaEKTwe5s/gpxNir6W1atWRWrG30kNVb5tQzW4SNQmqrMF3LE9QJ2Tf2bz3tLp47PcsS2k poov4qmEn/UXrj+Md3SK6yd20x7XZWjs89EtmXYfi6nypswzRTRJLC6yRSAMkikMrA9RBHXpK7Oz 0daBnZ9LL3ri6v/R1PNLFDE8srBIo1LO7GgCgVJJ+DXWZ3ejLjvTSktnNy3fMfKXWDxeVhw+Dtwo Ek54XvHZuEACqsV/VT7Wn8MDWosZC8kj/wAtZue5e8J4wJo42/mrlPu8ZhVJOatgo6STE4AHz69+ djwuof7ePjFeR7veYePjhzVrJ+qRG/CT8YJ13zsW1iS4328b6jFUTIbNzWO3PDty9i4L24ljjiZO 8rrK3CHQ9q9emIXQHG8jbrJVJZGErRE207rTN41ltjaUzQKEtcVaN4Sjo/dp0fabWRGs0rV1mS3B u0EL01Risy7R3Vdbe3JBnEjFxIpfx4mNONZRRwD2N09Gtfc2zSxuGpYa0u3hlaTeVx5h84Y9zYT8 osLGS1hmZXupZmUsQh4gihfWHS2qFjljxHjJ6plmGcNPHgFsNd5LPTdIkaEI0IRoQjQhXnlxzOv9 r3SWl2z3GClb72Dzmhr6cVfaT0tLr7LxmaraJPEm+W5oUD4S2o/B3VpC0u7a8tYrq1kWa3nUSRSq aqysKgjWUIXF6PrZbQSYmq2p1//SaPPndstnjoNvWr8Mt+DLeEdYgU0Cf8Ruv1V06ye2xE8j9Xd7 yQZ7duANG2s97ufMlzykw4ye/ccrAGOzLXclRX90O77ZXTXMpcED9rZSTKIcdwPZ2vhTm5yZr8s2 JeIjcM1+VtI6ddJDV/YDaQ5XFjmbs7S02cTYLd/SWyqz7u8V3+W5iZ5GNqZoo4oySVDqpLkA/SXV vO3bELdNFR+3mfAT9FVY8ziI8jzbwszLUYzHy3Mh9ZpOCKv1izaqRSuFqTcZYVemiY7sH4Acl181 cbnsrtKXGYW2NzcXckazAMqARKeNqliOsqq68ZdIAS4jejCveaRSSQuANVySS/pBzE/lX8aL9rWh 8zg4vY6y3k9zw+1lwY3l5vDJz3sFjYeNJj5Tb3dJIwFlHWtS1Gp6upJL6IGZ3fe2hUUeXTG7sLbj 4SUh/SDmJ/Kv40X7Wo/M4OL2OpvJ7nh9rKHzWzNy4W6tbPIWZS8va/hraNlllehp5kZY9ep4rqOR ncX0Cq09lLE7CTbRalPWXJjf1zAsz2sNqH82O4mVX+yOKh1WPNYGelXLusrYZLcE1aMPedV/cm0d w7bnWLMWjW4evhTAh4np18Ljor6vnatQXIStUHVO5s5IXobUUpb8qd/3FvHcQ4otFMqyRsZYhVWF QaFvJqEsygZ6OSsDlNwTVYdDr8Z+Wu94L6CwfFu13cK0kcSOj0RCAWYg0Ran0tehv4XZyxaGXgss nYmHDtOmjycyGcxF5c7Mz8EltPGn4vHpLQ9wmkiowqGWveFD+vpNmgAbNMD1bdNP8nkkjd4JGo7b Qd1f/9OV52Su/MG8DEkRwwKg8g8MGnznWsylv4Dfi6xWePW4fuird7vGIouWzDr5xS0hY+Qd9/0p qlncu6HvJh9vQ6CP3VK859ubs3HPirDD2TXFrBxzTS8SIgkaiqCWI6l4tQZVPFExEb0dT5zbTTOI g1RVh2dh8dsPZ0cGVu4oHXiuL6dmohkfrC16W4QFQU87VW6lK5lqLdkVds4RtYaG7N1iRsLJR7gu stuiNCtvdyrZ4/i6G/D2oPeI7PEld2povI+Uwx9I7Rd40WMjTOUraifAHcD5lQede5sx/wDVWGEx F5PbvHEviLbuyFpbh6KDwkVooH2tM8qtw5TmbM/ypRnVyfNGMHdu7202ri4XBbZeeeQyDG2haSRy WZjFH1knrLEaSCPMko3XJaEi5UVX6g+FZz2Iu7c9uAYzG5G6tIbuZrrIvDIyKik1kkanpHzV9bWq vOVHHiJmLC2EFjLDnSy4RIhYnxHRaPyORx+38HLeXcpWzsYu87ks5CigFT0s7no9ZtZSMClOjayW 0kkGKPE+6DKocsLOXMG63xlEDZHKuyWKt0iC0jJVETycVDxH0tXswLBSEd0N7tGl2Wg8lZz3pN3s RqD5h4PfWa37jmsrScYXHyQeFOjqqcRYPLLTiBqPN6vR1YspYY4Cq7YyqquYQ3ElwOFn5YYfmJXD mrZWt1sLL/iED+BD40JI6VkQgqw+HVHLidpxp0umOaAxW5V6GquXk+uTfZNteZK5luri9d5kaZi5 WOvAiivUtF4te8zw852FqMK8ZQx8hnJ8TkuF+buAtt83+Ivpkt8fbRrCl6VqDcoSZFZh0hRXhX1u LUjZYbwsbNUn6vYUT5tGM7gT0FtGLtqAy++sRmea21zhJfHitme3nuQCqv4/QVWtCQo1ZitCjtjx 6K6fhVSS+CS7jwPXDs/Ev//UsHPfGTWu9BesD4N/bo8bdnFEOBl+Sin62tTk8jPDThdY7PonGZi6 DHwps8pcOcXsPGowIlula7lr0Gsx4h7HDpJmUuOYvVsp/lMPLtxbpLa+JJHmJu3K3+8sq1vfzpZx TGCCOOV0Thh7lQqkDpYE60NjbCMQ1Zq0WXzG7MpyoT4WfDr4VU57i6uCDPLJO483xHZzX4OInV4R ZtSXEZFreq1dsrDjC7TxmOYBXggUzEdA8RhxuftE6xV3LzJSL0uvoNlDy4RH0MkvtcHdvOaS/arW 8NxJdV6wI7buRA/BUJrQXH8G0w9NMPxbyzNr/UXzl0M+L4N1MLnjlms9lmyiJ/EZSeO3VF6WZQeN wB9UL9bSvKY8U1X1A2JOM7lwwYW1m+FdvKvY67YwCtcoBlr4LLet2p+pEPgQHvevqPMbvnHo3B3f 3KXK7HkR6d8t79qX/OvcWXy2Q/JLC1uWxdgeK6lWKTglnHwgUKRD2tM8pgABxk7Yi8KUZ3cHIXLF iwDvaOt8qY/Km/tLzYWJNswP4eLwJlHWsiEhgf8AN9bSrMQcZyr0p1lRsVuNOhsKX20bnd+5eYeU s7zI5CDFWstw08UUrxCOjlYowez4v1dM7kYooBdmBzfD8yT2hTTXJCRGwDi6fhXXzbtLfFY22w9p lsjc5PLSpEtrPdNKnglqMzofK3Cq6jy0nMnNxBhDpwqXNhYBYGIyOR93F1UzqQbd2tRaeFirP4q+ BH/t4dKNMsnfLxJ3ohi/6x8LLJU88lxPJcSmskztI59ZzxH9OtuI0ajL54RYnd36Vc+TmIkyO/LK QKTFYBrqVuwcI4U+d2GqGaS4YXbi2U0yWFzuGfoDaX//1X1zO2UN07deCEAZK0JmsWPa1O9GT5JB 0fS1esLrkyVfdLeS/MrLnxUbeHaBJI81OY1n/wBG2RaBrb7kwmGIFODu8JBXsprQ+XW5aaVr61ln zS5DZcqYdGplTndndncku5LMx7STUnV9moljvVT2wcN+c7xxVgV4ommEs47PDi+8avx8NNVb2Xlx EXqVzL4eZOI+taP3/mBh9nZW+BAkWBo4amn3kvcWnytrKWcXMlEfWtrfzcuEi9SzJgNy5zb80s+I ujazTII5XCqxKg1p3g3brYTW4StQ2rRYW3upIXdwfC7rqyW+d15O6srq/v2uJ8dJ4tmzIgCPUHio FAPmjztRx2cQM7C1Me8vcl9Mbs5FVw3VJ/1c5ifzdv8AlQ/sai8sg4f81P5vc8XsFfldc09/XVtN az5VmhnRo5VEcS1VhQioUEdGujl0DPVh1LyWa3BM7OWv8FGbb3duDbc7TYe6MAkp4sJAeJ6dXEh6 Predqae2jlahtVQ215JC9QeitE3PHe7wukQtLeSTz544e+T1V7zMtfk1SbKIa6cT/mr5Z5O7aMI/ kqac7l2zCZmW6ebJxyLMtzL32DoaqaNUd3sXzdMOSGDAzbKWfUHjxu+3xKayfM3fGTsJ7C9yRltL leCeMRxrxKesVVQdV48vhAmJh0srUmZzmLiRaH/BVhVZmCoCzMQFUCpJPUANXKqgzV0MtJ8pdjNt nBGa8Thy2QpJcjtjQeZF8nW/rayWZXfOOjbgrcZVY8iPTvnvftX/1tU6EJecyuVFruXiyWNK2uaV e9XojnA6g9Op/I/2tNLDMXi2S2g8KT5llQz7Q7Mnj7yz/lcTksTevZZK3e1uoz3o5BSvwqepl9Zd aeOUTaovVlj5oDiLCbYXTO93zDCbL5LMOpK2kS28J7OOU8TfMq+1pPnUtBEPTtJ79vw1Mj4dlTfv CZnwsPjsQjd67mM8q9vBCKL87t7Oq+SxVNz4W8StfcE1AEOJ8XwpF60ayaNCEaEI0IRoQjQhGhC6 LDH32Qu47Oxge5upTSOGIFmP+74deTMQapPRlJHEUhYRbE6fPLTlDDgnjy+a4bjLgVggHejtye31 5PW9H0dZq/zN5NgNAeJa7LcoaHbPak8CZulCdr//19U6EI0IUZnts4PP2ptctaJcx+gzCjofKjjv L8mpoZzjeovRQz24StQ2xMuXaGz8ZtXHS2GOZ3ilmactKQWq1AFqAOhQNerm5KYsRehR2loEAuI6 q4km+d1juG83Y91+X3JxtvCkNvcCNmjPW7kFa+k2n2UnGMVKtid1m87ilKWuEsDMliSAaHoPkOnC QL7oQjQhGhC+VHV/hoQpjEbQ3RmGAx2MuJ1NPvOArH0+u1F1BLdRhvEytw2M0m6Lpibc93/JTMku fvUtYutrW278h+Aue4v1eLSqfOhbQDV9ZJzbfb7vpkenZD9ybe3No7f27beBibNIKj7ybzpX+k57 x0knuTlepPVaG3tY4WoDYVMagVhGhC//0NU6EI0IRoQjQhBpTp6u3QhVjPf056fzr8s4v9bweP8A a1bh5/Ux+1U5/p+vg97CqHl/7fuPveHXt/B+NT2ejTKL67/lRKpvLunD7lf9qiP/AM+1/wC8/wDZ pqf+u7P6VW/831/rUliv7ffFFKV/8vx+H2tRSfXU/bhU8Xl3Rh9/Er3gf6X1H5N+V+J6Ph+F4ntd /S2b6nr4/amsH03U5fu4VbE4OEcFOGndp1U+DVJ1eX3QhGhCNCEaEL//2Q== ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/beancreativelogo.gif R0lGODlhFgAaAMQAAP//////zP/MzMz//8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8yZmcxmZpmZM5mZAJlmZpkzM5kA AGYAADMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACwAAAAA FgAaAAAFlyAgjoBhkGiKFqfqosGrHkqaNLIYtCLRNAwAIYdqIESCBySRChRQiOBI0IAcR4UFT8SQ Th8PATYGxaEY1hzhcf0+1OwU4zGUGVOItCwOfXhVPmIoSX+DdymELggObSgEemWNfYB8Lj91JEAy j5IijHZmKZVydC4PDYIoCaWWEIUAc5iUEEYCCAg/qS8+SmBssmoECAK6KSEAOw== ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40 Content-Type: image/gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Location: http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/images/go.gif R0lGODlhEAAQAJEAAAAAzP///wAAAAAAACwAAAAAEAAQAAACHoSPqcvtb4KE4dR2k8wxzsyFAKhZ o6ltHge17gs3BQA7 ------=_NextPart_000_0044_01C3F490.EA6A2A40--

=AB Back to The = Promise and=20 Purpose of Genetic Research main page
3DGuests

Transcript for:=20

The Promise and Purpose of Genetic=20 = Research

Transcript

ANNOUNCER:=20 Think Tank is made possible by AMGEN, recipient of the = Presidential=20 National Medal of Technology. AMGEN, helping cancer patients = through=20 cellular and molecular biology. Improving lives today and = bringing=20 hope for tomorrow.

Additional funding is provided by = the John=20 M. Olin Foundation, the Lilly Endowment, and the Lynde and = Harry=20 Bradley Foundation.

(Musical break.)

MR. = WATTENBERG:=20 Think Tank recently visited a major symposium held at the = American=20 Enterprise Institute. It is said that the 21st Century will = be the=20 century of biotechnology. The topic before this house, the = promise=20 and purpose of genetic research, this week on Think=20 Tank.

(Musical break.)

MR. WATTENBERG: In = 1953, two=20 men, James Watson and Francis Crick revealed that they had = mapped=20 the DNA molecule, the instructions for all life. Since then, = scientists have used that map in a treasure hunt for cures,=20 vaccines, and treatments for most everything that ails us. = Many=20 scientists believe that in the next few decades, unlocking = the human=20 genetic code will benefit people's lives more than any other = scientific endeavor. Will we see greatly extended human life = expectancy? Will there be cures and preventions for such = diseases as=20 Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, cancer? Will we understand = learning=20 disabilities? Will we be able to repair damage to the=20 brain?

The American Enterprise Institute conference = tried to=20 decode the future of DNA research.

MR. DeMUTH: Well, = it is=20 natural and valuable for geneticists to explain their work = with all=20 of the excitement and enthusiasm they feel for it. It is = also=20 important that they not exaggerate or overpromise. In = particular, it=20 is important that new developments and future prospects be = described=20 with all of their surrounding uncertainties. That failures = be=20 candidly acknowledged, and that heavy emphasis be placed on = actual=20 demonstrated advances rather than future = promises.

MR.=20 WATTENBERG: Featured at the conference were two pioneers in = the=20 biotech revolution, William Hazeltine, the founder and = president of=20 Human Genome Sciences, Inc.; and Anthony Fauci, director of = the=20 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease at the = National=20 Institutes of Health. We asked both scientists to describe = what to=20 expect from the biotech revolution, and to prescribe the = best=20 policies for getting there.

Dr. William Hazeltine is = chairman=20 and CEO of Human Genome Sciences, a company at the forefront = of the=20 biotech revolution. They patent genes, and have filed for = over 185=20 patent applications. Bill Hazeltine was formerly the = director of=20 cancer pharmacology at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute at = Harvard=20 University.

Bill Hazeltine, we all hear so much about = DNA and=20 biotech. What happens if it works?

MR. HAZELTINE: If = the=20 revolution, the modern revolution in biology works, we lead=20 healthier, longer lives. The impact of the new revolution in = biology=20 is to create new means to predict, detect, prevent, treat = and I=20 believe ultimately cure many of the major ills of = man.

MR.=20 WATTENBERG: For example, give me -- tell me -- let's say = it's not=20 1997, but it's 2027, I'm giving you 30 years.

MR. = HAZELTINE:=20 Thirty years.

MR. WATTENBERG: Thirty years. What is = it that=20 you or I might have in the way of illness that, if we went = to a=20 doctor today he'd say, sorry, and that then he'll be able to = say,=20 here's what.

MR. HAZELTINE: I think that the = fundamental=20 presumption is different. You won't go to a doctor because = you're=20 sick. You will go to a doctor because you don't want to = become sick.=20 You will have a battery of predictive and early detection = tests=20 which replace what we now know as our annual health check. = That will=20 lead to a series of prescriptions which will be really = lifestyle=20 prescriptions. Some of them may involve medicine, but not = all of=20 them. Those will, by and large, prevent diseases that might = occur=20 from occurring, or ward off diseases that are in their = earliest=20 stages. And so, rather than going to a doctor when we're = sick, we'll=20 be going to doctors to continue our good health.

MR.=20 WATTENBERG: But, in your list, you did say cure = also.

MR.=20 HAZELTINE: Well, there's a lot of things that can happen to = people.=20 Let me give you a small example from our current work. We = have=20 isolated that substance which is normally used by your body = to=20 repair injuries to the skin, that is deep injuries that cut = not only=20 the surface layer, such as a scrape, but the deeper layers = such as a=20 knife cut, or an open sore, or a burn. The same substance, = by the=20 way, is used to repair the lining of your gastrointestinal = tract.=20 What we have found in our experiments, not in people but our = preclinical experiments, that that substance can very = rapidly=20 accelerate the healing of wounds of many types that have = been=20 inflicted, whether it's a cut, whether it's a burn, whether = it's a=20 rescission of the intestine, you get a much more rapid, = better patch=20 than you would without it. That's the type of medicine that = I'm=20 referring to.

MR. WATTENBERG: Since the work of = Watson and=20 Crick, is what is going on now just sort of filling in the = blanks?=20 We got the big picture, and now it's going down the array of = question marks, or are there tangents and brand new paths = that=20 you're still discovering?

MR. HAZELTINE: Well, that's = a very=20 interesting question about what is new and what isn't? Is = there an=20 end to knowledge? And I recently wrote a chapter for a book = called=20 the Microverse, and in there I divide biology, post- war = biology,=20 into two great eras, one which is the Watson and Crick era, = DNA goes=20 to RNA goes to protein and the working out of that; but = there's a=20 second one which is just as profound, which is all the = differences=20 that happen after that, and how we're built is just as much = a part=20 of the DNA that we are as to what happens once that = information is=20 read out.

The genetics is just one part of our = individual=20 variation. What happens to a gene once it's read from the = DNA=20 storehouse we now know is quite complex. Genes are = considered to be=20 like a rope and each of us can individually cut and paste = that rope=20 differently. So that the major things that control, for = example,=20 mood, the target of serotonin reuptake, the Prozac target, = is=20 actually cut and pasted differently in different people. We = have=20 found in the brain a gene that most people inherit in each = and ever=20 person we look at, it's tailored differently. It's almost as = if a=20 tailor is cutting a suit for you from the raw genetic=20 material.

And, finally, for those who are overly = concerned=20 about genetic predetermination, let me say the more we learn = from=20 studies of the brain, the more we're learning that we are a = set of=20 potentials that are actually reacting to the environment all = the=20 time, and our brain is constantly being remodelled based on = our=20 experience. It's not that we have a fixed organ called the = brain,=20 it's that we have an organ called the brain which is a set = of=20 potentials which templates around real = experience.

MR.=20 WATTENBERG: What is the answer to the question as to whether = we're=20 just filling in the blanks after Watson and Crick or whether = there=20 are new --

MR. HAZELTINE: We are not filling in the = blanks.=20 There are great stretches of new information that are = qualitatively=20 different from what was perceived to be the case, say, in = the '60s=20 when I was trained.

MR. WATTENBERG: Anthony Fauci, a = Brooklyn=20 native, is at the forefront of AIDS and human = immuno-regulation=20 research. He oversees a massive research project at NIH with = roughly=20 1,300 employees and a $1.3 billion budget.

What = benefits can=20 we expect?

DR. FAUCI: There will be immediate = benefits. There=20 will be curiosities and greater understanding with no = necessary=20 benefits, and then there will be long-term benefits. You = have to=20 look at it -- I'll look at it from my vantage point as a = biomedical=20 researcher and as a physician who is interested in human = disease.=20 So, you can take the revolution in DNA technology and you = can talk=20 about the production of products, the production of drugs in = a=20 massive quantities by recombinant DNA technology, that's one = thing.

But if we look purely, for example, at health, = you can=20 talk about diagnostics, being able to diagnose disease with = a degree=20 of sensitivity and specificity that we would never have = imagined=20 prior to the availability of these molecular techniques. You = can=20 talk about the development of new drugs by using the power = of DNA,=20 recombinant DNA technology. You could talk about the = development of=20 vaccines.

MR. WATTENBERG: Let's just talk about new = drugs for=20 a moment. What sort of afflictions would we be able to deal = with 30=20 years from now that we can't deal with now? I mean, and I = know=20 you're guessing.

DR. FAUCI: It isn't necessarily that = you=20 can't deal with, but that you can deal with in a much more = efficient=20 manner. For example, there are a host of human diseases = where there=20 is the lack of or an abnormal protein or substance that the = body=20 needs. And you can't just make the body produce this, you = have to=20 supply the body with the right machinery to do = it.

MR.=20 WATTENBERG: What sorts of diseases, names?

DR. FAUCI: = For=20 example, diabetes and insulin, to be able to treat diseases = that=20 require a certain component, growth hormones, other types of = hormones that are deficient or abnormal in an individual by=20 providing, under the right circumstances, the genetic basis = for=20 producing the protein. By inserting a particular amount of = genetic=20 material into an individual, you can actually correct = defects that=20 were unimaginable with regard to being able to correct=20 them.

There are congenital abnormalities of = individuals, for=20 example, who have cystic fibrosis, who have an abnormal gene = that=20 doesn't allow the proper production of a variety of = substances,=20 salts, or what-have-you, that's needed in order to have = proper=20 physiological function of a cell, the potential to correct = that.=20 There are hematological diseases like Sickle Cell Anemia, = and=20 Thalassemia, there's congenital immunodeficiency diseases., = all=20 these will be benefitted sooner or later. The trick is to be = able to=20 get the DNA technology to the right level where you can = actually=20 have a positive impact on the health of an = individual.

MR.=20 WATTENBERG: Will -- in a decade or two, or three from now, = will=20 people who have access to modern medicine still be dying of=20 AIDS?

DR. FAUCI: Well, I think there certainly will = still be=20 people who will die of AIDS. But, if you look at the = advances that=20 have been made in therapies based on understanding the = molecular=20 make up of the virus itself. I think that will be something = that=20 will be far, far less common than it is now. Not to mention, = the use=20 of DNA technology to develop, hopefully, a safe and = effective=20 vaccine, that you might have rather efficient prevention of = HIV=20 infection, the same way that you have prevention of=20 polio.

MR. WATTENBERG: Did that -- would that be a = vaccine=20 that is introduced after a person has HIV, but before they = have=20 AIDS?

DR. FAUCI: Either, the most classic paradigm is = to=20 vaccinate someone before they get infected with a microbe. = But, you=20 might still, if you get someone whose level of virus is = suppressed=20 effectively by a drug, you may be able to vaccinate that = person, to=20 build up the body's own immune response, so that when you = withdraw=20 the drug, the body can continue to suppress the virus. All = of those=20 things are possible.

MR. WATTENBERG: The biotech = revolution=20 may lead to some startling accomplishments, but what = policies will=20 best advance the forthcoming scientific = breakthroughs?

You=20 are a scientist, capitalist, or a capitalist- = scientist?

DR.=20 HAZELTINE: Well, at any rate, I'm an = entrepreneur.

MR.=20 WATTENBERG: You are an entrepreneur.

DR. HAZELTINE: = And a=20 scientist.

MR. WATTENBERG: Your company patents=20 genes?

DR. HAZELTINE: Yes, we do.

MR. = WATTENBERG: And=20 some people say, shame on you for patenting = genes.

DR.=20 HAZELTINE: Virtually no informed person says shame on us for = patenting genes. Supreme Court ruled, in 1981, that genes = and living=20 forms, if they are true creations of man, and they are = useful, are=20 the fit subject for patent material, or should be fit = subjects for=20 patents. And, indeed, around the world, all patent offices = not only=20 patent living organisms, they allow the patenting of genes. = There=20 are many businesses --

MR. WATTENBERG: But, do you = patent new=20 genes, recombinant genes, spliced genes, or -- as if I know = what I'm=20 talking about -- or do you patent existing genes. I mean, I = can't=20 patent my ear.

DR. HAZELTINE: You probably should, = it's=20 unusual.

MR. WATTENBERG: It is unusual. I mean, so = are you=20 patenting a gene that already existed? Evander Holyfield = might want=20 it.

DR. HAZELTINE: To be able to repair his genes, = his ears,=20 yes. No, but well -- let's talk about what a patent is. A = patent=20 allows you -- first of all, in order to have a patent, you = have to=20 find something new that's previously not conceived. Second = of all,=20 you have to demonstrate its utility. But, above all, you = have to=20 teach a useful art. Most people think patents mean they're = secret.=20 It's exactly the opposite.

Patents were actually = invented by=20 the Venetians to allow them to take technology from the = Middle East,=20 and sell products to the North of Europe. And so they would = import=20 an artisan. And they said, if you teach us how to do = whatever you=20 know how to do, make green glass, we will give you a 20 year = exclusivity to make green glass. You'll be the only one = that's able=20 to make and sell it, if and only if you teach us how to do = it. That=20 remains today the primary purpose of patents, to allow = people to=20 take what they would have held secret, share those secrets, = and=20 still have commercial protection for the fruits of their=20 invention.

So the heart of a patent is sharing of = that=20 knowledge and teaching, not keeping it secret. The = alternative for=20 that Middle Eastern green glass maker was to hold that = secret and=20 pass it only on to his son or daughter, when he died. The = patent=20 system is designed to protect the small inventor and to = allow them=20 to share, so all of society can move forward. Most people = don't=20 realize that the key communication for our technical world = is the=20 patent application.

MR. WATTENBERG: Do some of your = fellow=20 scientists give you grief over this?

DR. HAZELTINE: = Not=20 anymore. They first thought -- when we first set up the = company,=20 because we had such a -- we created a tool that could find = and make=20 useful many genes at once. People were concerned. They then = raised=20 the concern, should we patent genes at all? After further=20 consideration, the scientific community as a whole has now = come to=20 the conclusion that, provided we meet the criteria of = patentability,=20 which is novelty, utility, and teaching how to use it, genes = should=20 be patented. I think it's almost a universal conclusion, = even from=20 those who used to be our most severe critics.

MR. = WATTENBERG:=20 You are sort of, in your corporeal form here, trying to sort = of=20 marry Francis Bacon and Adam Smith. Is that the idea of = saying that=20 the way to maximize this -- the utility of this new = knowledge is to=20 do it through the entrepreneurial sector, where you can = raise=20 capital, where you can marshall forces. And say there is not = a=20 conflict between Francis and Adam?

DR. HAZELTINE: I = think=20 that's one way of putting it. The other way of putting it = would be=20 to say that you couldn't have created this knowledge in an = existing=20 institution. Universities weren't appropriate and would not = tolerate=20 it. It was actually kicked out of the government. Big = pharmaceutical=20 companies let it lie fallow. We're very fortunate that in = the U.S.=20 we have this healthy entrepreneurial sector. And I think = that's the=20 sector that allowed it to happen.

MR. WATTENBERG: Of = course,=20 it's not just entrepreneurialism. Tony Fauci emphasizes that = industry, government and the academy must work together. He = cites=20 the develop of new treatments for AIDS, such as protease = inhibitors,=20 as an example of the collaborative approach.

DR. = FAUCI: All=20 of that took place in a very truncated period of time, very, = very=20 rapidly, unusually rapid, for the develop of a drug. It was = a=20 beautiful example of several things. One, the transition = from=20 fundamental basic research to a usable product, a very = effective=20 drug against HIV. And also, that consortia between industry, = government and academia, this is a very good example, that I = think=20 is going to go into the textbooks of historical examples of = how=20 those things work together.

MR. WATTENBERG: Where = does=20 someone like Bill Hazeltine fit in this? He's sort of the = moderator=20 between the -- or the gray area between pure and applied, = and sort=20 of takes the whole pure stuff and sort of refines it and = giggles it=20 and sells off some of it to the --

DR. FAUCI: Yes, I = think=20 that's a good -- yes. The biotech industry and certainly = human genom=20 sciences, as a prototype of that, is an example of a company = that=20 can do very elegant basic research, and immediately = translate it=20 into something.

MR. WATTENBERG: So you have pure = research and=20 then you have these gray area, intermediary companies. And = then they=20 are providing the commercial pharmaceutical companies, for = example,=20 AMGEN, which happens to underwrite this program, and all the = others,=20 the Bristol Meyers and the Pfizers, and the Mercks. And they = get it=20 through that pipeline. And then they go out, hell bent for = leather,=20 and say, boom, we're going to make a product. And in this = case, in=20 the case of AIDS, you say it happened remarkably quickly, = textbook=20 fashion?

DR. FAUCI: Right.

MR. WATTENBERG: = Question,=20 did it happen in this disease because of the intense = political=20 pressure of the gay community?

DR. FAUCI: No, I don't = think=20 that it happened because of that. Certainly, the = constituency groups=20 played a role in focusing and intensifying attention of the = general=20 public, the Congress, the administrations, several = administrations,=20 on the problem. I don't think it happened because of that. = We had an=20 epidemic that was emerging to have global impact.

We = had=20 scientific opportunities in an area that actually was very = exciting=20 and potentially very important research, that was something = that=20 people were interested in working on, because it was very = important,=20 clearly important from the standpoint of public health. But = also it=20 was an area of research that had enormous = opportunities.

So I=20 believe that when you talk about how things evolved in the = AIDS=20 epidemic, it's certainly not a uni- dimensional = thing.

MR.=20 WATTENBERG: The case is made, and you hear it in a political = context, and particularly in the HIV situation, that the = drug=20 companies are making too much money on these drugs, and = people can't=20 afford them. You know that argument also.

DR. FAUCI:=20 Right.

MR. WATTENBERG: How do you come out on=20 that?

DR. FAUCI: You really have to take it case by = case.=20 But, one of the things I believe that is not appreciated by = the=20 general public is something that understandably is difficult = to=20 appreciate. When a product is made, not infrequently the = drug=20 companies, the pharmaceutical companies, invest an = extraordinary=20 amount of money into candidates that never pan = out.

So=20 they're spending tens, and sometimes hundreds of millions of = dollars, on candidate A, B, C, D, and E, that never make it. = Then=20 when candidate F or G comes along that becomes a drug, it = becomes=20 necessary for them to recoup not only the investments, but = also to=20 make a profit, so that they continue, in a fashion, to be = able to=20 exist, pay their stockholders or what have you.

As a=20 biomedical researcher that isn't someone in a pharmaceutical = company, I can understand how people look at that askance = and say,=20 gee, why are they charging so much or why are they making so = much=20 money. But, in fairness to them, I think you need to look at = the=20 extraordinary investment that's made by the pharmaceutical = industry=20 in research and development.

MR. WATTENBERG: Is there = a=20 competition or a jealousy, sort of a locker room feud, = between=20 industry, government and academia in these = fields?

DR. FAUCI:=20 I don't think so at all. I think there is always competition = in=20 science, but it's competition that generally, with few = exceptions,=20 is a healthy energizing competition, where --

MR. = WATTENBERG:=20 But, the researchers at NIH, you and your colleagues, are = making a=20 decent living wage. But, your --

DR. FAUCI:=20 Hardly.

MR. WATTENBERG: Hardly, right. I didn't want = to -- I=20 don't want to get into politics. But, your colleagues on the = private=20 side, and particularly those who have started their own = companies or=20 have got a royalty arrangement, I mean, these people either = are or=20 are on their way to becoming extremely wealthy men and=20 women.

DR. FAUCI: I have to tell you that that really = is not=20 a consideration. We all have our choices. Those of us who = want to=20 stay with the government are doing it because of the = extraordinary=20 opportunities we have to do science in an atmosphere that's = very=20 conducive to doing science.

MR. WATTENBERG: What = happens when=20 your wife says, who's going to pay the tuitions?

DR. = FAUCI:=20 Then you make a decision. You make a decision, are you going = to stay=20 or are you going to go. But, while you're doing it, you = don't say,=20 well, gee, I wish I could be doing something else. You make = up your=20 mind what you're going to do. I happen to have made a = decision in=20 life that I want to be a researcher in an atmosphere that = happens to=20 be an atmosphere where you don't make a lot of money. But, = the=20 rewards that I get intellectually, and as a feeling of=20 accomplishment, far outweigh financial = compensation.

MR.=20 WATTENBERG: Thank you very much.

And thank you. For = Think=20 Tank, I'm Ben Wattenberg.

ANNOUNCER: We at Think Tank = depend=20 on your views to make our show better. Please send your = questions=20 and comments to: New River Media, 1150 Seventeenth Street,=20 Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20036; or e-mail us at=20 thinktank@pbs.org. To learn more about Think Tank visit PBS = On-line=20 at www.pbs.org. And please let us know where you watch Think = Tank.

ANNOUNCER: This has been a production of BJW,=20 Incorporated, in association with New River Media, which are = solely=20 responsible for its content.

Think Tank is made = possible by=20 AMGEN, recipient of the Presidential National Medal of = Technology.=20 AMGEN, helping cancer patients through cellular and = molecular=20 biology. Improving lives today and bringing hope for=20 tomorrow.

Additional funding is provided by the John = M. Olin=20 Foundation, the Lilly Endowment and the Lynde and Harry = Bradley=20 Foundation.

(End of = program.)

Back=20 to top 3D""=20

Think Tank is made possible = by generous=20 support from the Smith Richardson Foundation, the Bernard = and Irene=20 Schwartz Foundation, the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, = the=20 John M. Olin Foundation, the Donner Canadian Foundation, the = Dodge=20 Jones Foundation, and Pfizer, Inc.

=A9Copyright 2003 = Think=20 Tank. All rights reserved.
3D"BJW,

Web development by Bean=20 = Creative.